{"id":404,"date":"2019-09-18T09:02:09","date_gmt":"2019-09-18T01:02:09","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/freeapp.sbs\/blog\/?p=404"},"modified":"2025-04-01T16:56:32","modified_gmt":"2025-04-01T07:56:32","slug":"n5bsh4vn2f8kqtr","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/eternalsphere.net\/echoes\/index.php\/2019\/09\/18\/n5bsh4vn2f8kqtr\/","title":{"rendered":"python 3"},"content":{"rendered":"

https:\/\/www.runoob.com\/python3\/python3-tutorial.htm<\/p>\n

\u8bed\u8a00\u7279\u70b9
\nPython\u8bed\u8a00\u7684\u5173\u952e\u5b57\u6bd4\u8f83\u5c11\uff0c\u5b83\u6ca1\u6709\u5206\u53f7\u3001begin\u3001end\u7b49\u6807\u8bb0\uff0c\u4ee3\u7801\u5757\u4f7f\u7528\u7a7a\u683c\u6216\u5236\u8868\u7b26\u7f29\u8fdb\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u6765\u5206\u9694\u3002Python\u4e0eJavaScript\u3001PHP\u3001Perl\u7b49\u8bed\u8a00\u7c7b\u4f3c\uff0c\u5b83\u4e0d\u9700\u8981\u53e6\u5916\u58f0\u660e\u53d8\u91cf\u3001\u76f4\u63a5\u8d4b\u503c\u5373\u53ef\u521b\u5efa\u4e00\u4e2a\u65b0\u7684\u53d8\u91cf\u3002Python\u7684\u53d8\u91cf\u521b\u5efa\u540e\u4f1a\u5bf9\u5e94\u4e00\u79cd\u7c7b\u578b\uff0c\u5b83\u53ef\u6839\u636e\u8d4b\u503c\u8868\u8fbe\u5f0f\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\u51b3\u5b9a\u53d8\u91cf\u7684\u7c7b\u578b\u3002Python\u5728\u5185\u90e8\u5efa\u7acb\u4e86\u7ba1\u7406\u8fd9\u4e9b\u53d8\u91cf\u7684\u673a\u5236\uff0c\u4e0d\u540c\u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u53d8\u91cf\u9700\u8981\u7c7b\u578b\u8f6c\u6362\u3002Python\u8bed\u8a00\u5e94\u7528\u4e8e\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u3001\u7f51\u7edc\u3001\u56fe\u5f62\u56fe\u50cf\u3001\u6570\u5b66\u8ba1\u7b97\u3001Web\u5f00\u53d1\u3001\u64cd\u4f5c\u7cfb\u7edf\u6269\u5c55\u7b49\u9886\u57df\u3002\u6709\u8bb8\u591a\u7b2c\u4e09\u65b9\u5e93\u652f\u6301Python\u3002Python 3\u53d1\u5e03\u4e8e2008\u5e74\u5e95\uff0c\u662f\u4e00\u6b21\u91cd\u5927\u7684\u5347\u7ea7\u3002Python 3\u7684\u6709\u4e9b\u6539\u8fdb\u4e0d\u5411\u540e\u4e0ePython 2\u517c\u5bb9\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64Python 2\u59cb\u7ec8\u4e0ePython 3\u5e76\u884c\u5730\u5411\u524d\u53d1\u5c55\u3002\u5168\u9762\u4e86\u89e3Python 3\u548cPython 2\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5dee\u5f02\uff0c\u53ef\u53c2\u9605What\u2019s New in Python 3.0\uff08http:\/\/docs.python.org\/3\/whatsnew\/3.0.html\uff09\u3002\u5de5\u51772to3\uff08http:\/\/docs.python.org\/3\/library\/2to3.html\uff09\u51e0\u4e4e\u80fd\u5c06\u4efb\u4f55Python 2\u7a0b\u5e8f\u81ea\u52a8\u8f6c\u6362\u4e3a\u7b49\u4ef7\u7684Python 3\u7a0b\u5e8f\u3002
\n\u6ce8\u91ca\uff1a\u5355\u884c\uff1a #\u5f00\u5934\u3002\u591a\u884c\uff1a\u6bcf\u884c\u4f7f\u7528#\u3002\u6587\u6863\u6ce8\u91ca\uff1a\u4f7f\u7528\u4e09\u4e2a\u5f15\u53f7\u5305\u62ec\u8d77\u6765\uff08”””\u6587\u6863\u6ce8\u91ca”””\uff09\u3002\u6ce8\u91ca\u5fc5\u987b\u8ddf\u5728\u5b9a\u4e49\u4f53\u4e0b\u9762\uff0c\u4e0d\u80fd\u5728\u4efb\u610f\u4f4d\u7f6e\u3002
\nPython\u7684\u7f3a\u70b9\uff1a\u8fd0\u884c\u901f\u5ea6\u6162\uff08\u8fd0\u884c\u901f\u5ea6\u7684\u74f6\u9888\u5f80\u5f80\u4e0d\u5728\u4e8ePython\u4ee3\u7801\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u7684\u64cd\u4f5c\u548c\u7f51\u7edc\u8c03\u7528\uff09\uff1bPython\u6e90\u7801\u4e0d\u80fd\u52a0\u5bc6\u3002
\n\u547d\u540d\u89c4\u5219
\n\u4fdd\u7559\u8bcd\u4e0d\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528\u4f5c\u53d8\u91cf\u540d
\nand elif global or with
\nas else if pass yield
\nassert except import print
\nbreak exec in raise
\nclass FALSE is return
\ncontinue finally lambda try
\ndef for not TRUE
\ndel from None while
\nend \u53ef\u4ee5\u7528\u4e8e\u5c06\u7ed3\u679c\u8f93\u51fa\u5230\u540c\u4e00\u884c\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u5728\u8f93\u51fa\u7684\u672b\u5c3e\u6dfb\u52a0\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u5b57\u7b26\uff0c\u5b9e\u4f8b\uff1a<\/p>\n

#!\/usr\/bin\/python3\n \n# Fibonacci series: \u6590\u6ce2\u7eb3\u5951\u6570\u5217\n# \u4e24\u4e2a\u5143\u7d20\u7684\u603b\u548c\u786e\u5b9a\u4e86\u4e0b\u4e00\u4e2a\u6570\na, b = 0, 1\nwhile b < 1000:\n    print(b, end=',')\n    a, b = b, a+b<\/pre>\n
\u8f93\u51fa\u7ed3\u679c
\n1,1,2,3,5,8,13,21,34,55,89,144,233,377,610,987,
\n\u53d8\u91cf\u540d\u3001\u6a21\u5757\u540d\u3001\u5305\u540d
\n\u901a\u5e38\u91c7\u7528\u5c0f\u5199\uff0c\u53ef\u4f7f\u7528\u4e0b\u5212\u7ebf\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff1a
\nrulemodule.py #\u6a21\u5757\u540d\uff0c\u5373\u6587\u4ef6\u540d
\n_rule=\u2019rule information\u2019 #_rule\u53d8\u91cf\u540d\uff0c\u901a\u5e38\u524d\u7f00\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e0b\u5212\u7ebf\u7684\u53d8\u91cf\u540d\u4e3a\u5168\u5c40\u53d8\u91cf
\n\u7c7b\u540d\u3001\u5bf9\u8c61\u540d
\n\u7c7b\u9996\u5b57\u6bcd\u91c7\u7528\u5927\u5199\uff1b
\n\u7c7b\u4e2d\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u540d\u9996\u5b57\u6bcd\u5c0f\u5199\uff0c\u5176\u540e\u7684\u6bcf\u4e2a\u5355\u8bcd\u7684\u9996\u5b57\u6bcd\u5927\u5199\uff1b
\n\u5bf9\u8c61\u540d\uff08\u7c7b\u7684\u5b9e\u4f8b\uff09\u91c7\u7528\u5c0f\u5199\uff1b
\n\u7c7b\u5916\u5f15\u7528\u5176\u5c5e\u6027\u548c\u65b9\u6cd5\u540d\u65f6\uff0c\u4ee5\u5bf9\u8c61\u540d\u4f5c\u4e3a\u524d\u7f00\u3002
\n\u7c7b\u7684\u79c1\u6709\u53d8\u91cf\u3001\u79c1\u6709\u65b9\u6cd5\u4ee5\u4e24\u4e2a\u4e0b\u5212\u7ebf\u4f5c\u4e3a\u524d\u7f00\u3002
\n\u51fd\u6570\u540d
\n\u51fd\u6570\u540d\u901a\u5e38\u91c7\u7528\u5c0f\u5199\uff0c\u5e76\u7528\u4e0b\u5212\u7ebf\u6216\u5355\u8bcd\u9996\u5b57\u6bcd\u5927\u5199\u589e\u52a0\u540d\u79f0\u7684\u53ef\u8bfb\u6027\u3002
\n\u5bfc\u5165\u7684\u51fd\u6570\u4ee5\u6a21\u5757\u540d\u4f5c\u524d\u7f00\u3002
\n\u4e0b\u4f8b\u4e2d\uff0c\u4e3a\u6f14\u793a\u5bfc\u5165\u51fd\u6570\u524d\u7f00\u5199\u6cd5\uff0c\u4f7f\u7528\u4e86\u751f\u6210\u968f\u673a\u6570\u7684\u6a21\u5757random\u3002\u8be5\u6a21\u5757\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u51fd\u6570randrange()\uff0c\u8be5\u51fd\u6570\u53ef\u4ee5\u6839\u636e\u7ed9\u5b9a\u7684\u6570\u5b57\u8303\u56f4\u751f\u6210\u968f\u673a\u6570\u3002\u5176\u58f0\u660e\u4e3a\uff1a
\nrandrange(start, stop[,step])
\n\u8bf4\u660e\uff1a
\n\u53c2\u6570start\u8868\u793a\u751f\u6210\u968f\u673a\u6570\u6240\u5728\u8303\u56f4\u7684\u5f00\u59cb\u6570\u5b57\u3002
\n\u53c2\u6570stop\u8868\u793a\u751f\u6210\u968f\u673a\u6570\u6240\u5728\u8303\u56f4\u7684\u7ed3\u675f\u6570\u5b57\uff0c\u4f46\u4e0d\u5305\u62ec\u6570\u5b57stop\u3002
\n\u53c2\u6570step\u8868\u793a\u6b65\u957f\u3002\u751f\u6210\u7684\u968f\u673a\u6570\u5728[start, stop-1]\u7684\u8303\u56f4\u5185\uff0c\u53d6\u503c\u7b49\u4e8estart+step\u3002
\n\u8fd0\u7b97
\n\u4e09\u7c7b\u8fd0\u7b97\u7b26\u7684\u4f18\u5148\u7ea7\uff1a\u7b97\u672f\u8fd0\u7b97\u7b26\u4f18\u5148\u7ea7\u6700\u9ad8\uff1b\u5173\u7cfb\u8fd0\u7b97\u7b26\u4f18\u5148\u7ea7\u6b21\u4e4b\uff1b\u903b\u8f91\u8fd0\u7b97\u7b26\u4f18\u5148\u7ea7\u6700\u4f4e\u3002\u4ee5\u4e0b\u8868\u683c\u5217\u51fa\u4e86\u4ece\u6700\u9ad8\u5230\u6700\u4f4e\u4f18\u5148\u7ea7\u7684\u6240\u6709\u8fd0\u7b97\u7b26\uff1a
\n\u8fd0\u7b97\u7b26 \u63cf\u8ff0
\n** \u6307\u6570 (\u6700\u9ad8\u4f18\u5148\u7ea7)
\n~ + – \u6309\u4f4d\u7ffb\u8f6c, \u4e00\u5143\u52a0\u53f7\u548c\u51cf\u53f7 (\u6700\u540e\u4e24\u4e2a\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u540d\u4e3a +@ \u548c -@)
\n* \/ % \/\/ \u4e58\uff0c\u9664\uff0c\u53d6\u6a21\u548c\u53d6\u6574\u9664
\n+ – \u52a0\u6cd5\u51cf\u6cd5
\n>> << \u53f3\u79fb\uff0c\u5de6\u79fb\u8fd0\u7b97\u7b26
\n& \u4f4d ‘AND’
\n^ | \u4f4d\u8fd0\u7b97\u7b26
\n<= < > >= \u6bd4\u8f83\u8fd0\u7b97\u7b26
\n<> == != \u7b49\u4e8e\u8fd0\u7b97\u7b26
\n= %= \/= \/\/= -= += *= **= \u8d4b\u503c\u8fd0\u7b97\u7b26
\nis is not \u8eab\u4efd\u8fd0\u7b97\u7b26
\nin not in \u6210\u5458\u8fd0\u7b97\u7b26
\nnot and or \u903b\u8f91\u8fd0\u7b97\u7b26<\/p>\n
\u7b97\u672f\u8fd0\u7b97\u7b26\u548c\u7b97\u672f\u8868\u8fbe\u5f0f
\n\u6574\u6570\u8fd0\u7b97
\n\u52a0 + \u51cf – \u4e58 * \u9664 \/ \u6574\u9664 \/\/ \u6c42\u4f59 % \u4e58\u65b9 **
\n\u8fd0\u7b97\u987a\u5e8f\uff1aPython\u7b97\u672f\u8fd0\u7b97\u7684\u89c4\u5219\u4e0e\u5e38\u89c4\u7b97\u672f\u7684\u89c4\u5219\u76f8\u540c\u3002\u957f\u5ea6\u4e0d\u53d7\u9650\u5236\uff1a\u4e0e\u5176\u4ed6\u5927\u591a\u6570\u7f16\u7a0b\u8bed\u8a00\u4e0d\u540c\uff0cPython\u5bf9\u6574\u6570\u7684\u957f\u5ea6\u6ca1\u6709\u9650\u5236\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u6267\u884c\u6570\u5341\u4f4d\u751a\u81f3\u6570\u767e\u6570\u5343\u4f4d\u7684\u6574\u6570\u8fd0\u7b97\u3002
\n\u6d6e\u70b9\u6570\u8fd0\u7b97
\n\u5728Python\u4e2d\uff0c\u6d6e\u70b9\u6570\u662f\u5e26\u5c0f\u6570\u70b9\u7684\u6570\u5b57\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff1a-3.1\u30012.999\u548c-4.0\u90fd\u662f\u6d6e\u70b9\u6570\u3002\u6240\u6709\u9002\u5408\u7528\u4e8e\u6574\u6570\u7684\u7b97\u672f\u8fd0\u7b97\u7b26\u90fd\u53ef\u7528\u4e8e\u6d6e\u70b9\u6570\uff0c\u5305\u62ec%\uff08\u6c42\u4f59\uff09\u548c\/\/\uff08\u6574\u9664\uff09
\n\u5173\u7cfb\u8fd0\u7b97\u7b26\u548c\u5173\u7cfb\u8868\u8fbe\u5f0f
\n\u5173\u7cfb\u8fd0\u7b97\u7b26 \u5173\u7cfb\u8868\u8fbe\u5f0f \u63cf\u8ff0 \u4f18\u5148\u7ea7
\n< x<y \u5c0f\u4e8e \u4f18\u5148\u7ea7\u76f8\u7b49\uff1b\u4f46\u4f18\u5148\u7ea7\u5927\u4e8e==\u548c!=
\n> x>y \u5927\u4e8e
\n<= x<=y \u5c0f\u4e8e\u7b49\u4e8e
\n>= x>=y \u5927\u4e8e\u7b49\u4e8e
\n== x==y \u7b49\u4e8e \u4f18\u5148\u7ea7\u76f8\u7b49
\n!= x!=y \u4e0d\u7b49\u4e8e
\n\u903b\u8f91\u8fd0\u7b97\u7b26\u548c\u903b\u8f91\u8868\u8fbe\u5f0f
\n\u903b\u8f91\u8fd0\u7b97\u7b26 \u903b\u8f91\u8868\u8fbe\u5f0f \u63cf\u8ff0 \u4f18\u5148\u7ea7
\nand x and y \u903b\u8f91\u4e0e\uff0c\u5f53x\u4e3aTrue\u65f6\uff0c\u624d\u8ba1\u7b97y \u4f18\u5148\u7ea7\u76f8\u7b49
\nor x or y \u903b\u8f91\u6216\uff0c\u5f53x\u4e3aFalse\u65f6\uff0c\u624d\u8ba1\u7b97y
\nnot not x \u903b\u8f91\u975e \u4f18\u5148\u7ea7\u5927\u4e8eand\u548cor
\n\u57fa\u672c\u903b\u8f91\u8fd0\u7b97\u7b26\u7684\u771f\u503c\u8868
\np q p and q p or q not p
\nFALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE TRUE
\nFALSE TRUE FALSE TRUE TRUE
\nTRUE FALSE FALSE TRUE FALSE
\nTRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE FALSE
\n\u8d4b\u503c\u8fd0\u7b97\u7b26
\n\u8fd0\u7b97\u7b26 \u63cf\u8ff0 \u5b9e\u4f8b
\n= \u7b80\u5355\u7684\u8d4b\u503c\u8fd0\u7b97\u7b26 c = a + b \u5c06 a + b \u7684\u8fd0\u7b97\u7ed3\u679c\u8d4b\u503c\u4e3a c
\n+= \u52a0\u6cd5\u8d4b\u503c\u8fd0\u7b97\u7b26 c += a \u7b49\u6548\u4e8e c = c + a
\n-= \u51cf\u6cd5\u8d4b\u503c\u8fd0\u7b97\u7b26 c -= a \u7b49\u6548\u4e8e c = c – a
\n*= \u4e58\u6cd5\u8d4b\u503c\u8fd0\u7b97\u7b26 c *= a \u7b49\u6548\u4e8e c = c * a
\n\/= \u9664\u6cd5\u8d4b\u503c\u8fd0\u7b97\u7b26 c \/= a \u7b49\u6548\u4e8e c = c \/ a
\n%= \u53d6\u6a21\u8d4b\u503c\u8fd0\u7b97\u7b26 c %= a \u7b49\u6548\u4e8e c = c % a
\n**= \u5e42\u8d4b\u503c\u8fd0\u7b97\u7b26 c **= a \u7b49\u6548\u4e8e c = c ** a
\n\/\/= \u53d6\u6574\u9664\u8d4b\u503c\u8fd0\u7b97\u7b26 c \/\/= a \u7b49\u6548\u4e8e c = c \/\/ a
\n\u4f4d\u8fd0\u7b97\u7b26
\n\u8fd0\u7b97\u7b26 \u63cf\u8ff0 \u5b9e\u4f8b
\n& \u6309\u4f4d\u4e0e\u8fd0\u7b97\u7b26\uff1a\u53c2\u4e0e\u8fd0\u7b97\u7684\u4e24\u4e2a\u503c,\u5982\u679c\u4e24\u4e2a\u76f8\u5e94\u4f4d\u90fd\u4e3a1,\u5219\u8be5\u4f4d\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\u4e3a1,\u5426\u5219\u4e3a0 (a & b) \u8f93\u51fa\u7ed3\u679c 12 \uff0c\u4e8c\u8fdb\u5236\u89e3\u91ca\uff1a 0000 1100
\n| \u6309\u4f4d\u6216\u8fd0\u7b97\u7b26\uff1a\u53ea\u8981\u5bf9\u5e94\u7684\u4e8c\u4e2a\u4e8c\u8fdb\u4f4d\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e3a1\u65f6\uff0c\u7ed3\u679c\u4f4d\u5c31\u4e3a1\u3002 (a | b) \u8f93\u51fa\u7ed3\u679c 61 \uff0c\u4e8c\u8fdb\u5236\u89e3\u91ca\uff1a 0011 1101
\n^ \u6309\u4f4d\u5f02\u6216\u8fd0\u7b97\u7b26\uff1a\u5f53\u4e24\u5bf9\u5e94\u7684\u4e8c\u8fdb\u4f4d\u76f8\u5f02\u65f6\uff0c\u7ed3\u679c\u4e3a1 (a ^ b) \u8f93\u51fa\u7ed3\u679c 49 \uff0c\u4e8c\u8fdb\u5236\u89e3\u91ca\uff1a 0011 0001
\n~ \u6309\u4f4d\u53d6\u53cd\u8fd0\u7b97\u7b26\uff1a\u5bf9\u6570\u636e\u7684\u6bcf\u4e2a\u4e8c\u8fdb\u5236\u4f4d\u53d6\u53cd,\u5373\u628a1\u53d8\u4e3a0,\u628a0\u53d8\u4e3a1\u3002~x \u7c7b\u4f3c\u4e8e -x-1 (~a ) \u8f93\u51fa\u7ed3\u679c -61 \uff0c\u4e8c\u8fdb\u5236\u89e3\u91ca\uff1a 1100 0011\uff0c \u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u6709\u7b26\u53f7\u4e8c\u8fdb\u5236\u6570\u7684\u8865\u7801\u5f62\u5f0f\u3002
\n<< \u5de6\u79fb\u52a8\u8fd0\u7b97\u7b26\uff1a\u8fd0\u7b97\u6570\u7684\u5404\u4e8c\u8fdb\u4f4d\u5168\u90e8\u5de6\u79fb\u82e5\u5e72\u4f4d\uff0c\u7531”<<“\u53f3\u8fb9\u7684\u6570\u6307\u5b9a\u79fb\u52a8\u7684\u4f4d\u6570\uff0c\u9ad8\u4f4d\u4e22\u5f03\uff0c\u4f4e\u4f4d\u88650\u3002 a << 2 \u8f93\u51fa\u7ed3\u679c 240 \uff0c\u4e8c\u8fdb\u5236\u89e3\u91ca\uff1a 1111 0000
\n>> \u53f3\u79fb\u52a8\u8fd0\u7b97\u7b26\uff1a\u628a”>>”\u5de6\u8fb9\u7684\u8fd0\u7b97\u6570\u7684\u5404\u4e8c\u8fdb\u4f4d\u5168\u90e8\u53f3\u79fb\u82e5\u5e72\u4f4d\uff0c”>>”\u53f3\u8fb9\u7684\u6570\u6307\u5b9a\u79fb\u52a8\u7684\u4f4d\u6570 a >> 2 \u8f93\u51fa\u7ed3\u679c 15 \uff0c\u4e8c\u8fdb\u5236\u89e3\u91ca\uff1a 0000 1111
\n\u6210\u5458\u8fd0\u7b97\u7b26
\n\u9664\u4e86\u4ee5\u4e0a\u7684\u4e00\u4e9b\u8fd0\u7b97\u7b26\u4e4b\u5916\uff0cPython\u8fd8\u652f\u6301\u6210\u5458\u8fd0\u7b97\u7b26\uff0c\u6d4b\u8bd5\u5b9e\u4f8b\u4e2d\u5305\u542b\u4e86\u4e00\u7cfb\u5217\u7684\u6210\u5458\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\uff0c\u5217\u8868\u6216\u5143\u7ec4\u3002
\n\u8fd0\u7b97\u7b26 \u63cf\u8ff0 \u5b9e\u4f8b
\nin \u5982\u679c\u5728\u6307\u5b9a\u7684\u5e8f\u5217\u4e2d\u627e\u5230\u503c\u8fd4\u56de True\uff0c\u5426\u5219\u8fd4\u56de False\u3002 x \u5728 y \u5e8f\u5217\u4e2d , \u5982\u679c x \u5728 y \u5e8f\u5217\u4e2d\u8fd4\u56de True\u3002
\nnot in \u5982\u679c\u5728\u6307\u5b9a\u7684\u5e8f\u5217\u4e2d\u6ca1\u6709\u627e\u5230\u503c\u8fd4\u56de True\uff0c\u5426\u5219\u8fd4\u56de False\u3002 x \u4e0d\u5728 y \u5e8f\u5217\u4e2d , \u5982\u679c x \u4e0d\u5728 y \u5e8f\u5217\u4e2d\u8fd4\u56de True\u3002
\n\u8eab\u4efd\u8fd0\u7b97\u7b26
\n\u8fd0\u7b97\u7b26 \u63cf\u8ff0 \u5b9e\u4f8b
\nis is \u662f\u5224\u65ad\u4e24\u4e2a\u6807\u8bc6\u7b26\u662f\u4e0d\u662f\u5f15\u7528\u81ea\u4e00\u4e2a\u5bf9\u8c61 x is y, \u7c7b\u4f3c\u00a0id(x) == id(y)\u00a0, \u5982\u679c\u5f15\u7528\u7684\u662f\u540c\u4e00\u4e2a\u5bf9\u8c61\u5219\u8fd4\u56de True\uff0c\u5426\u5219\u8fd4\u56de False
\nis not is not \u662f\u5224\u65ad\u4e24\u4e2a\u6807\u8bc6\u7b26\u662f\u4e0d\u662f\u5f15\u7528\u81ea\u4e0d\u540c\u5bf9\u8c61 x is not y\u00a0\uff0c \u7c7b\u4f3c\u00a0id(a) != id(b)\u3002\u5982\u679c\u5f15\u7528\u7684\u4e0d\u662f\u540c\u4e00\u4e2a\u5bf9\u8c61\u5219\u8fd4\u56de\u7ed3\u679c True\uff0c\u5426\u5219\u8fd4\u56de False\u3002
\npython\u7684\u6267\u884c
\npython\u5728\u6267\u884c\u65f6\uff0c\u9996\u5148\u4f1a\u5c06.py\u6587\u4ef6\u4e2d\u7684\u6e90\u4ee3\u7801\u7f16\u8bd1\u6210python\u7684byte code\uff08\u5b57\u8282\u7801\uff09\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u518d\u7531python Virtual Machine\uff08python\u865a\u62df\u673a\uff09\u6765\u6267\u884c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7f16\u8bd1\u597d\u7684byte code\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u673a\u5236\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u601d\u60f3\u8ddfJava\uff0c.NET\u662f\u4e00\u81f4\u7684\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0cpython Virtual Machine\u4e0eJava\u6216.NET\u7684Virtual Machine\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u662f\uff0cpython\u7684Virtual Machine\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u66f4\u9ad8\u7ea7\u7684Virtual Machine\uff0c\u548cJava\u6216.NET\u76f8\u6bd4\uff0cpython\u7684Virtual Machine\u8ddd\u79bb\u771f\u5b9e\u673a\u5668\u7684\u8ddd\u79bb\u66f4\u8fdc\u3002\u6216\u8005\u53ef\u4ee5\u8fd9\u4e48\u8bf4\uff0cpython\u7684Virtual Machine\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u62bd\u8c61\u5c42\u6b21\u66f4\u9ad8\u7684Virtual Machine\u3002
\nPHYTHON\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u8bed\u6cd5
\npython\u662f\u4e00\u95e8\u89e3\u91ca\u578b\u8bed\u8a00\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u4e0d\u9700\u8981\u7f16\u8bd1\u548c\u94fe\u63a5\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\uff0c\u5b83\u53ef\u4ee5\u5e2e\u4f60\u7701\u4e0b\u4e00\u4e9b\u5f00\u53d1\u65f6\u95f4\u3002\u89e3\u91ca\u5668\u53ef\u4ee5\u4ea4\u4e92\u5f0f\u4f7f\u7528\uff0c\u8fd9\u6837\u5c31\u53ef\u4ee5\u5f88\u65b9\u4fbf\u7684\u6d4b\u8bd5\u8bed\u8a00\u4e2d\u7684\u5404\u79cd\u529f\u80fd\uff0c\u4ee5\u4fbf\u4e8e\u7f16\u5199\u53d1\u5e03\u7528\u7684\u7a0b\u5e8f\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u8fdb\u884c\u81ea\u4e0b\u800c\u4e0a\u7684\u5f00\u53d1\u3002\u8fd8\u53ef\u4ee5\u5f53\u5b83\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u968f\u624b\u53ef\u7528\u7684\u8ba1\u7b97\u5668\u3002
\npython\u53ef\u4ee5\u5199\u51fa\u5f88\u7d27\u51d1\u548c\u53ef\u8bfb\u6027\u5f88\u5f3a\u7684\u7a0b\u5e8f\u3002\u7528python\u5199\u7684\u7a0b\u5e8f\u901a\u5e38\u6bd4\u540c\u6837\u7684C\u6216C++\u7a0b\u5e8f\u8981\u77ed\u5f97\u591a\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u4ee5\u4e0b\u51e0\u4e2a\u539f\u56e0\uff1a
\n\u9ad8\u7ea7\u6570\u636e\u7ed3\u6784\u4f7f\u4f60\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u5355\u72ec\u7684\u8bed\u53e5\u4e2d\u8868\u8fbe\u51fa\u5f88\u590d\u6742\u7684\u64cd\u4f5c\uff1b
\n\u8bed\u53e5\u7684\u7ec4\u7ec7\u4f9d\u8d56\u4e8e\u7f29\u8fdb\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662fbegin\/end\u5757\uff1b
\n\u4e0d\u9700\u8981\u53d8\u91cf\u6216\u53c2\u6570\u58f0\u660e\u3002
\n\u8c03\u7528\u89e3\u91ca\u5668
\n\u901a\u5e38python\u7684\u89e3\u91ca\u5668\u88ab\u5b89\u88c5\u5728\u76ee\u6807\u673a\u5668\u7684\/usr\/local\/bin\/python \u76ee\u5f55\u4e0b\uff1b\u628a\/usr\/local\/bin \u76ee\u5f55\u653e\u8fdb\u4f60\u7684UNIXShell\u7684\u641c\u7d22\u8def\u5f84\u91cc\uff0c\u786e\u4fdd\u5b83\u53ef\u4ee5\u901a\u8fc7\u8f93\u5165python\u6765\u542f\u52a8\u3002\u8f93\u5165\u4e00\u4e2a\u6587\u4ef6\u7ed3\u675f\u7b26\uff08UNIX\u4e0a\u662fCtrl+D\uff0cWindwos\u4e0a\u662fCtrl+Z\uff09\u89e3\u91ca\u5668\u4f1a\u4ee50\u503c\u9000\u51fa\uff08\u5c31\u662f\u8bf4\uff0c\u6ca1\u6709\u4ec0\u4e48\u9519\u8bef\uff0c\u6b63\u5e38\u9000\u51fa\uff0d\uff0d\u8bd1\u8005\uff09
\n\u53c2\u6570\u4f20\u9012
\n\u8c03\u7528\u89e3\u91ca\u5668\u65f6\uff0c\u811a\u672c\u540d\u548c\u9644\u52a0\u53c2\u6570\u4e4b\u95f4\u4f1a\u4f20\u5165\u4e00\u4e2a\u540d\u4e3asys.argv\u7684\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u5217\u8868\u3002\u6ca1\u6709\u811a\u672c\u548c\u53c2\u6570\u65f6\uff0c\u5b83\u81f3\u5c11\u4e5f\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u5143\u7d20\uff1asys.argv[0]\u6b64\u65f6\u4e3a\u7a7a\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u3002\u811a\u672c\u540d\u6307\u5b9a\u4e3a\u2018-\u2019\uff08\u8868\u793a\u6807\u51c6\u8f93\u5165\uff09\u65f6\uff0csys.argv[0]\u88ab\u8bbe\u7f6e\u4e3a\u2018-\u2019\uff0c\u4f7f\u7528-c \u6307\u4ee4\u65f6\uff0csys.argv[0]\u88ab\u8bbe\u5b9a\u4e3a\u2018-c \u2019\u3002-c \u547d\u4ee4\u4e4b\u540e\u7684\u53c2\u6570\u4e0d\u4f1a\u88abpython \u89e3\u91ca\u5668\u7684\u9009\u9879\u5904\u7406\u673a\u5236\u6240\u622a\u83b7\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u7559\u5728sys.argv\u4e2d\uff0c\u4f9b\u811a\u672c\u547d\u4ee4\u64cd\u4f5c\u3002
\n\u4ea4\u4e92\u6a21\u5f0f
\n\u4ecetty\u8bfb\u53d6\u547d\u4ee4\u65f6\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u79f0\u89e3\u91ca\u5668\u5de5\u4f5c\u4e8e\u4ea4\u4e92\u6a21\u5f0f\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u6a21\u5f0f\u4e0b\u5b83\u6839\u636e\u4e3b\u63d0\u793a\u7b26\u6765\u6267\u884c\uff0c\u4e3b\u63d0\u793a\u7b26\u901a\u5e38\u6807\u8bc6\u4e3a\u4e09\u4e2a\u5927\u4e8e\u53f7\uff08\u201c>>> \u201d\uff09\uff1b\u7ee7\u7eed\u7684\u90e8\u5206\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a\u4ece\u5c5e\u63d0\u793a\u7b26\uff0c\u7531\u4e09\u4e2a\u70b9\u6807\u8bc6\uff08\u201c…\u201d\uff09\u3002\u5728\u7b2c\u4e00\u884c\u4e4b\u524d\uff0c\u89e3\u91ca\u5668\u6253\u5370\u6b22\u8fce\u4fe1\u606f\u3001\u7248\u672c\u53f7\u548c\u6388\u6743\u63d0\u793a\uff1a
\npython 3.3.2 (v3.3.2:d047928ae3f6, May 16 2013, 00:06:53) [MSC v.1600 64 bit (AMD64)] on win32
\nType “copyright”, “credits” or “license()” for more information.
\n>>>
\n\u9519\u8bef\u5904\u7406
\n\u6709\u9519\u8bef\u53d1\u751f\u65f6\uff0c\u89e3\u91ca\u5668\u6253\u5370\u4e00\u4e2a\u9519\u8bef\u4fe1\u606f\u548c\u6808\u8ddf\u8e2a\uff08\u76d1\u89c6\uff09\u5668\u3002\u4ea4\u4e92\u6a21\u5f0f\u4e0b\uff0c\u5b83\u8fd4\u56de\u4e3b\u63d0\u793a\u7b26\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u4ece\u6587\u4ef6\u8f93\u5165\u6267\u884c\uff0c\u5b83\u5728\u6253\u5370\u6808\u8ddf\u8e2a\u5668\u540e\u4ee5\u975e\u96f6\u72b6\u6001\u9000\u51fa\u3002\uff08\u5f02\u5e38\u53ef\u4ee5\u7531try\u8bed\u53e5\u4e2d\u7684except\u5b50\u53e5\u6765\u63a7\u5236\uff0c\u8fd9\u6837\u5c31\u4e0d\u4f1a\u51fa\u73b0\u4e0a\u6587\u4e2d\u7684\u9519\u8bef\u4fe1\u606f\uff09\u6709\u4e00\u4e9b\u975e\u5e38\u81f4\u547d\u7684\u9519\u8bef\u4f1a\u5bfc\u81f4\u975e\u96f6\u72b6\u6001\u4e0b\u9000\u51fa\uff0c\u8fd9\u7531\u901a\u5e38\u7531\u5185\u90e8\u77db\u76fe\u548c\u5185\u5b58\u6ea2\u51fa\u9020\u6210\u3002\u6240\u6709\u7684\u9519\u8bef\u4fe1\u606f\u90fd\u5199\u5165\u6807\u51c6\u9519\u8bef\u6d41\uff1b\u547d\u4ee4\u4e2d\u6267\u884c\u7684\u666e\u901a\u8f93\u51fa\u5199\u5165\u6807\u51c6\u8f93\u51fa\u3002\u5728\u4e3b\u63d0\u793a\u7b26\u6216\u9644\u5c5e\u63d0\u793a\u7b26\u8f93\u5165\u4e2d\u65ad\u7b26\uff08\u901a\u5e38\u662fControl-C or DEL\uff09\u5c31\u4f1a\u53d6\u6d88\u5f53\u524d\u8f93\u5165\uff0c\u56de\u5230\u4e3b\u547d\u4ee4\u884c\u3002
\n\u6267\u884cpython\u811a\u672c
\npython\u811a\u672c\u53ef\u4ee5\u50cfShell\u811a\u672c\u90a3\u6837\u76f4\u63a5\u6267\u884c\uff0c\u53ea\u8981\u5728\u811a\u672c\u6587\u4ef6\u5f00\u5934\u5199\u4e00\u884c\u547d\u4ee4\uff0c\u6307\u5b9a\u6587\u4ef6\u548c\u6a21\u5f0f\uff1a
\n#! \/usr\/bin\/env python
\n\u201c#!\u201d\u5fc5\u987b\u662f\u6587\u4ef6\u7684\u524d\u4e24\u4e2a\u5b57\u7b26\uff0c\u76ee\u7684\u662f\u5c06\u7a0b\u5e8f\u8def\u5f84\u901a\u77e5\u89e3\u91ca\u5668\uff0c\u5728\u67d0\u4e9b\u5e73\u53f0\u4e0a\uff0c\u7b2c\u4e00\u884c\u5fc5\u987b\u4ee5Unix\u98ce\u683c\u7684\u884c\u7ed3\u675f\u7b26\uff08\u201c\\n\u201d\uff09\u7ed3\u675f\uff0c\u4e0d\u80fd\u7528Mac\uff08\u201c\\r\u201d\uff09\u6216Windows\uff08\u201c\\r\\n\u201d\uff09\u7684\u7ed3\u675f\u7b26\u3002\u6ce8\u610f\uff0c\u201c#\u201d\u662fpython\u4e2d\u662f\u884c\u6ce8\u91ca\u7684\u8d77\u59cb\u7b26\u3002
\n\u811a\u672c\u53ef\u4ee5\u901a\u8fc7chmod\u547d\u4ee4\u6307\u5b9a\u6267\u884c\u6a21\u5f0f\u548c\u8bb8\u53ef\u6743\u3002
\n$ chmod +x myscript.py
\n\u8f93\u5165\u8f93\u51fa\u6807\u5fd7
\n\u533a\u5206\u8f93\u5165\u548c\u8f93\u51fa\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u662f\u770b\u662f\u5426\u6709\u63d0\u793a\u7b26\uff08\u201c>>> \u201d\u548c\u201c\u2026\u201d\uff09\uff0c\u60f3\u8981\u91cd\u590d\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4f8b\u5b50\u7684\u8bdd\uff0c\u4f60\u5c31\u8981\u5728\u63d0\u793a\u7b26\u663e\u793a\u540e\u8f93\u5165\u6240\u6709\u7684\u4e00\u5207\uff1b\u6ca1\u6709\u4ee5\u63d0\u793a\u7b26\u5f00\u59cb\u7684\u884c\uff0c\u662f\u89e3\u91ca\u5668\u8f93\u51fa\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\u3002\u9700\u8981\u6ce8\u610f\u7684\u662f\u793a\u4f8b\u4e2d\u7684\u4ece\u5c5e\u63d0\u793a\u7b26\u7528\u4e8e\u591a\u884c\u547d\u4ee4\u7684\u7ed3\u675f\uff0c\u5b83\u8868\u793a\u4f60\u9700\u8981\u8f93\u5165\u4e00\u4e2a\u7a7a\u884c\u3002
\nprint \u9ed8\u8ba4\u8f93\u51fa\u662f\u6362\u884c\u7684\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u8981\u5b9e\u73b0\u4e0d\u6362\u884c\u9700\u8981\u5728\u53d8\u91cf\u672b\u5c3e\u52a0\u4e0a end=””\uff1a
\nprint( x, end=” ” )
\npython\u4e2d\u7684\u6ce8\u91ca\u4ee5\u7b26\u53f7\u201c#\u201d\u8d77\u59cb\uff0c\u4e00\u76f4\u5230\u5f53\u524d\u884c\u7684\u7ed3\u5c3e\u3002\u6ce8\u91ca\u53ef\u80fd\u51fa\u73b0\u5728\u4e00\u884c\u7684\u5f00\u59cb\uff0c\u4e5f\u53ef\u80fd\u8ddf\u5728\u7a7a\u683c\u6216\u7a0b\u5e8f\u4ee3\u7801\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u4f46\u4e0d\u4f1a\u51fa\u73b0\u5728\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u4e2d\uff0c\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u4e2d\u7684#\u53f7\u53ea\u4ee3\u8868#\u53f7\u3002
\n\u6570\u636e\u7c7b\u578b
\nPython3 \u4e2d\u6709\u516d\u4e2a\u6807\u51c6\u7684\u6570\u636e\u7c7b\u578b\uff1a
\nNumber\uff08\u6570\u5b57\uff09
\nString\uff08\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\uff09
\nList\uff08\u5217\u8868\uff09
\nTuple\uff08\u5143\u7ec4\uff09
\nSet\uff08\u96c6\u5408\uff09
\nDictionary\uff08\u5b57\u5178\uff09
\nPython3 \u7684\u516d\u4e2a\u6807\u51c6\u6570\u636e\u7c7b\u578b\u4e2d\uff1a
\n\u4e0d\u53ef\u53d8\u6570\u636e\uff083 \u4e2a\uff09\uff1aNumber\uff08\u6570\u5b57\uff09\u3001String\uff08\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\uff09\u3001Tuple\uff08\u5143\u7ec4\uff09\uff1b
\n\u53ef\u53d8\u6570\u636e\uff083 \u4e2a\uff09\uff1aList\uff08\u5217\u8868\uff09\u3001Dictionary\uff08\u5b57\u5178\uff09\u3001Set\uff08\u96c6\u5408\uff09\u3002
\nPython\u4e2d\uff0c\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u3001\u5217\u8868\u548c\u5143\u7ec4\u90fd\u5c5e\u4e8e\u5e8f\u5217\u3002\u5e8f\u5217\u6709\u4e00\u4e9b\u901a\u7528\u7684\u64cd\u4f5c\u3002\u5305\u62ec\uff1a\u7d22\u5f15\uff08indexing\uff09\u3001\u5206\u7247\uff08slicing\uff09\u3001\u52a0\uff08adding\uff09\u3001\u4e58\uff08multiplying\uff09\u3001\u68c0\u67e5\u67d0\u4e2a\u5143\u7d20\u662f\u5426\u5c5e\u4e8e\u5e8f\u5217\u7684\u6210\u5458\uff08\u6210\u5458\u8d44\u683c\uff09\u3001\u8ba1\u7b97\u5e8f\u5217\u957f\u5ea6\u3001\u627e\u51fa\u6700\u5927\u5143\u7d20\u548c\u6700\u5c0f\u5143\u7d20\u7b49\u3002
\n\u5143\u7ec4\u76f8\u5f53\u4e8e\u201c\u53ea\u8bfb\u201d\u7684\u6570\u7ec4\uff0c\u5217\u8868\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f5c\u4e3a\u53ef\u53d8\u957f\u5ea6\u7684\u6570\u7ec4\u4f7f\u7528\uff0c\u5b57\u5178\u76f8\u5f53\u4e8eJava\u4e2d\u7684HashTable\u7c7b\u578b\u3002
\n\u5185\u7f6e\u7684 type() \u51fd\u6570\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528\u6765\u67e5\u8be2\u53d8\u91cf\u6240\u6307\u7684\u5bf9\u8c61\u7c7b\u578b\u3002\u6b64\u5916\u8fd8\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528 isinstance \u6765\u5224\u65ad\u3002isinstance \u548c type \u7684\u533a\u522b\u5728\u4e8e\uff1atype()\u4e0d\u4f1a\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5b50\u7c7b\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u7236\u7c7b\u7c7b\u578b\u3002isinstance()\u4f1a\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5b50\u7c7b\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u7236\u7c7b\u7c7b\u578b\u3002
\n\u6570\u636e\u7c7b\u578b\u8f6c\u6362\uff1a\u6709\u65f6\u5019\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u9700\u8981\u5bf9\u6570\u636e\u5185\u7f6e\u7684\u7c7b\u578b\u8fdb\u884c\u8f6c\u6362\uff0c\u6570\u636e\u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u8f6c\u6362\uff0c\u4f60\u53ea\u9700\u8981\u5c06\u6570\u636e\u7c7b\u578b\u4f5c\u4e3a\u51fd\u6570\u540d\u5373\u53ef\u3002\u4ee5\u4e0b\u51e0\u4e2a\u5185\u7f6e\u7684\u51fd\u6570\u53ef\u4ee5\u6267\u884c\u6570\u636e\u7c7b\u578b\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u8f6c\u6362\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u51fd\u6570\u8fd4\u56de\u4e00\u4e2a\u65b0\u7684\u5bf9\u8c61\uff0c\u8868\u793a\u8f6c\u6362\u7684\u503c\u3002
\n\u51fd\u6570 \u63cf\u8ff0
\nint(x [,base]) \u5c06x\u8f6c\u6362\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u6574\u6570
\nfloat(x) \u5c06x\u8f6c\u6362\u5230\u4e00\u4e2a\u6d6e\u70b9\u6570
\ncomplex(real [,imag]) \u521b\u5efa\u4e00\u4e2a\u590d\u6570
\nstr(x) \u5c06\u5bf9\u8c61 x \u8f6c\u6362\u4e3a\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32
\nrepr(x) \u5c06\u5bf9\u8c61 x \u8f6c\u6362\u4e3a\u8868\u8fbe\u5f0f\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32
\neval(str) \u7528\u6765\u8ba1\u7b97\u5728\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u4e2d\u7684\u6709\u6548Python\u8868\u8fbe\u5f0f,\u5e76\u8fd4\u56de\u4e00\u4e2a\u5bf9\u8c61
\ntuple(s) \u5c06\u5e8f\u5217 s \u8f6c\u6362\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u5143\u7ec4
\nlist(s) \u5c06\u5e8f\u5217 s \u8f6c\u6362\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u5217\u8868
\nset(s) \u8f6c\u6362\u4e3a\u53ef\u53d8\u96c6\u5408
\ndict(d) \u521b\u5efa\u4e00\u4e2a\u5b57\u5178\u3002d \u5fc5\u987b\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a (key, value)\u5143\u7ec4\u5e8f\u5217\u3002
\nfrozenset(s) \u8f6c\u6362\u4e3a\u4e0d\u53ef\u53d8\u96c6\u5408
\nchr(x) \u5c06\u4e00\u4e2a\u6574\u6570\u8f6c\u6362\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u5b57\u7b26
\nord(x) \u5c06\u4e00\u4e2a\u5b57\u7b26\u8f6c\u6362\u4e3a\u5b83\u7684\u6574\u6570\u503c
\nhex(x) \u5c06\u4e00\u4e2a\u6574\u6570\u8f6c\u6362\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u5341\u516d\u8fdb\u5236\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32
\noct(x) \u5c06\u4e00\u4e2a\u6574\u6570\u8f6c\u6362\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u516b\u8fdb\u5236\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32
\n\u6570\u503c
\n\u89e3\u91ca\u5668\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u5c31\u50cf\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u8ba1\u7b97\u5668\u3002\u4f60\u53ef\u4ee5\u5411\u5b83\u8f93\u5165\u4e00\u4e2a\u8868\u8fbe\u5f0f\uff0c\u5b83\u4f1a\u8fd4\u56de\u7ed3\u679c\u3002\u8868\u8fbe\u5f0f\u7684\u8bed\u6cd5\u7b80\u660e\u6613\u61c2\uff1a+\uff0c-\uff0c*\uff0c\/\u548c\u5927\u591a\u6570\u8bed\u8a00\u4e2d\u7684\u7528\u6cd5\u4e00\u6837\uff08\u6bd4\u5982C\u6216Pascal\uff09\uff0c\u62ec\u53f7\u7528\u4e8e\u5206\u7ec4\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff1a<\/p>\n
>>> 2+2\n4\n>>> (50-5*6)\/4\n5<\/pre>\n
\u7b49\u53f7\uff08\u201c=\u201d\uff09\u7528\u4e8e\u7ed9\u53d8\u91cf\u8d4b\u503c\uff0c\u88ab\u5206\u914d\u7684\u503c\u662f\u53ea\u8bfb\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n
>>> width = 20\n>>> height = 5*9\n>>> width * height\n900<\/pre>\n
\u540c\u4e00\u4e2a\u503c\u53ef\u4ee5\u540c\u65f6\u8d4b\u7ed9\u51e0\u4e2a\u53d8\u91cf\uff08\u591a\u91cd\u8d4b\u503c\uff09\uff1a<\/p>\n
>>> x = y = z = 0 \n>>>x,y,z=1,\u2019two\u2019,3.0\n>>> x\n0<\/pre>\n
Python\u6709\u56db\u79cd\u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u6570\u5b57\uff0c\u6574\u6570\u3001\u957f\u6574\u6570\u3001\u6d6e\u70b9\u6570\u548c\u590d\u6570\u3002\u5f53\u6307\u5b9a\u4e00\u4e2a\u503c\u65f6\uff0cNumber \u5bf9\u8c61\u5c31\u4f1a\u88ab\u521b\u5efa\uff1a
\nvar1 = 1
\nvar2 = 10
\n\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528del\u8bed\u53e5\u5220\u9664\u4e00\u4e9b\u5bf9\u8c61\u5f15\u7528\u3002del\u8bed\u53e5\u7684\u8bed\u6cd5\u662f\uff1a
\ndel var1[,var2[,var3[….,varN]]]
\n\u53ef\u4ee5\u901a\u8fc7\u4f7f\u7528del\u8bed\u53e5\u5220\u9664\u5355\u4e2a\u6216\u591a\u4e2a\u5bf9\u8c61\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff1a
\ndel var
\ndel var_a, var_b
\nPython\u652f\u6301\u590d\u6570\uff0c\u590d\u6570\u7531\u5b9e\u6570\u90e8\u5206\u548c\u865a\u6570\u90e8\u5206\u6784\u6210\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528a + bj,\u6216\u8005complex(a,b)\u8868\u793a\uff0c\u590d\u6570\u7684\u5b9e\u90e8a\u548c\u865a\u90e8b\u90fd\u662f\u6d6e\u70b9\u578b\u3002
\n\u6570\u5b66\u51fd\u6570
\n\u51fd\u6570 \u8fd4\u56de\u503c ( \u63cf\u8ff0 )
\nabs(x) \u8fd4\u56de\u6570\u5b57\u7684\u7edd\u5bf9\u503c\uff0c\u5982abs(-10) \u8fd4\u56de 10
\nceil(x) \u8fd4\u56de\u6570\u5b57\u7684\u4e0a\u5165\u6574\u6570\uff0c\u5982math.ceil(4.1) \u8fd4\u56de 5
\ncmp(x, y) \u5982\u679c x < y \u8fd4\u56de -1, \u5982\u679c x == y \u8fd4\u56de 0, \u5982\u679c x > y \u8fd4\u56de 1\u3002Python 3 \u5df2\u5e9f\u5f03\uff0c\u4f7f\u7528 (x>y)-(x<y) \u66ff\u6362\u3002
\nexp(x) \u8fd4\u56dee\u7684x\u6b21\u5e42(ex),\u5982math.exp(1) \u8fd4\u56de2.718281828459045
\nfabs(x) \u8fd4\u56de\u6570\u5b57\u7684\u7edd\u5bf9\u503c\uff0c\u5982math.fabs(-10) \u8fd4\u56de10.0
\nfloor(x) \u8fd4\u56de\u6570\u5b57\u7684\u4e0b\u820d\u6574\u6570\uff0c\u5982math.floor(4.9)\u8fd4\u56de 4
\nlog(x) \u5982math.log(math.e)\u8fd4\u56de1.0,math.log(100,10)\u8fd4\u56de2.0
\nlog10(x) \u8fd4\u56de\u4ee510\u4e3a\u57fa\u6570\u7684x\u7684\u5bf9\u6570\uff0c\u5982math.log10(100)\u8fd4\u56de 2.0
\nmax(x1, x2,…) \u8fd4\u56de\u7ed9\u5b9a\u53c2\u6570\u7684\u6700\u5927\u503c\uff0c\u53c2\u6570\u53ef\u4ee5\u4e3a\u5e8f\u5217\u3002
\nmin(x1, x2,…) \u8fd4\u56de\u7ed9\u5b9a\u53c2\u6570\u7684\u6700\u5c0f\u503c\uff0c\u53c2\u6570\u53ef\u4ee5\u4e3a\u5e8f\u5217\u3002
\nmodf(x) \u8fd4\u56dex\u7684\u6574\u6570\u90e8\u5206\u4e0e\u5c0f\u6570\u90e8\u5206\uff0c\u4e24\u90e8\u5206\u7684\u6570\u503c\u7b26\u53f7\u4e0ex\u76f8\u540c\uff0c\u6574\u6570\u90e8\u5206\u4ee5\u6d6e\u70b9\u578b\u8868\u793a\u3002
\npow(x, y) x**y \u8fd0\u7b97\u540e\u7684\u503c\u3002
\nround(x [,n]) \u8fd4\u56de\u6d6e\u70b9\u6570x\u7684\u56db\u820d\u4e94\u5165\u503c\uff0c\u5982\u7ed9\u51fan\u503c\uff0c\u5219\u4ee3\u8868\u820d\u5165\u5230\u5c0f\u6570\u70b9\u540e\u7684\u4f4d\u6570\u3002
\nsqrt(x) \u8fd4\u56de\u6570\u5b57x\u7684\u5e73\u65b9\u6839\u3002
\n\u968f\u673a\u6570\u51fd\u6570
\n\u968f\u673a\u6570\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528\u4e8e\u6570\u5b66\uff0c\u6e38\u620f\uff0c\u5b89\u5168\u7b49\u9886\u57df\u4e2d\uff0c\u8fd8\u7ecf\u5e38\u88ab\u5d4c\u5165\u5230\u7b97\u6cd5\u4e2d\uff0c\u7528\u4ee5\u63d0\u9ad8\u7b97\u6cd5\u6548\u7387\uff0c\u5e76\u63d0\u9ad8\u7a0b\u5e8f\u7684\u5b89\u5168\u6027\u3002
\nPython\u5305\u542b\u4ee5\u4e0b\u5e38\u7528\u968f\u673a\u6570\u51fd\u6570\uff1a
\n\u51fd\u6570 \u63cf\u8ff0
\nchoice(seq) \u4ece\u5e8f\u5217\u7684\u5143\u7d20\u4e2d\u968f\u673a\u6311\u9009\u4e00\u4e2a\u5143\u7d20\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982random.choice(range(10))\uff0c\u4ece0\u52309\u4e2d\u968f\u673a\u6311\u9009\u4e00\u4e2a\u6574\u6570\u3002
\nrandrange ([start,] stop [,step]) \u4ece\u6307\u5b9a\u8303\u56f4\u5185\uff0c\u6309\u6307\u5b9a\u57fa\u6570\u9012\u589e\u7684\u96c6\u5408\u4e2d\u83b7\u53d6\u4e00\u4e2a\u968f\u673a\u6570\uff0c\u57fa\u6570\u9ed8\u8ba4\u503c\u4e3a 1
\nrandom() \u968f\u673a\u751f\u6210\u4e0b\u4e00\u4e2a\u5b9e\u6570\uff0c\u5b83\u5728[0,1)\u8303\u56f4\u5185\u3002
\nseed([x]) \u6539\u53d8\u968f\u673a\u6570\u751f\u6210\u5668\u7684\u79cd\u5b50seed\u3002\u5982\u679c\u4f60\u4e0d\u4e86\u89e3\u5176\u539f\u7406\uff0c\u4f60\u4e0d\u5fc5\u7279\u522b\u53bb\u8bbe\u5b9aseed\uff0cPython\u4f1a\u5e2e\u4f60\u9009\u62e9seed\u3002
\nshuffle(lst) \u5c06\u5e8f\u5217\u7684\u6240\u6709\u5143\u7d20\u968f\u673a\u6392\u5e8f
\nuniform(x, y) \u968f\u673a\u751f\u6210\u4e0b\u4e00\u4e2a\u5b9e\u6570\uff0c\u5b83\u5728[x,y]\u8303\u56f4\u5185\u3002
\n\u4e09\u89d2\u51fd\u6570
\n\u51fd\u6570 \u63cf\u8ff0
\nacos(x) \u8fd4\u56dex\u7684\u53cd\u4f59\u5f26\u5f27\u5ea6\u503c\u3002
\nasin(x) \u8fd4\u56dex\u7684\u53cd\u6b63\u5f26\u5f27\u5ea6\u503c\u3002
\natan(x) \u8fd4\u56dex\u7684\u53cd\u6b63\u5207\u5f27\u5ea6\u503c\u3002
\natan2(y, x) \u8fd4\u56de\u7ed9\u5b9a\u7684 X \u53ca Y \u5750\u6807\u503c\u7684\u53cd\u6b63\u5207\u503c\u3002
\ncos(x) \u8fd4\u56dex\u7684\u5f27\u5ea6\u7684\u4f59\u5f26\u503c\u3002
\nhypot(x, y) \u8fd4\u56de\u6b27\u51e0\u91cc\u5fb7\u8303\u6570 sqrt(x*x + y*y)\u3002
\nsin(x) \u8fd4\u56de\u7684x\u5f27\u5ea6\u7684\u6b63\u5f26\u503c\u3002
\ntan(x) \u8fd4\u56dex\u5f27\u5ea6\u7684\u6b63\u5207\u503c\u3002
\ndegrees(x) \u5c06\u5f27\u5ea6\u8f6c\u6362\u4e3a\u89d2\u5ea6,\u5982degrees(math.pi\/2) \uff0c \u8fd4\u56de90.0
\nradians(x) \u5c06\u89d2\u5ea6\u8f6c\u6362\u4e3a\u5f27\u5ea6
\n\u6570\u5b66\u5e38\u91cf
\n\u5e38\u91cf \u63cf\u8ff0
\npi \u6570\u5b66\u5e38\u91cf pi\uff08\u5706\u5468\u7387\uff0c\u4e00\u822c\u4ee5\u03c0\u6765\u8868\u793a\uff09
\ne \u6570\u5b66\u5e38\u91cf e\uff0ce\u5373\u81ea\u7136\u5e38\u6570\uff08\u81ea\u7136\u5e38\u6570\uff09\u3002
\n\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\uff08string\uff09
\n\u5728Python\u4e2d\uff0c\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u662f\u9664\u6570\u5b57\u5916\u6700\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u6570\u636e\u7c7b\u578b\u3002\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u65e0\u5904\u4e0d\u5728\uff1a\u5c06\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u8f93\u51fa\u5230\u5c4f\u5e55\u4e0a\uff1b\u4ece\u7528\u6237\u7684\u952e\u76d8\u8f93\u5165\u8bfb\u53d6\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\uff1b\u6587\u4ef6\u901a\u5e38\u88ab\u89c6\u4e3a\u5927\u578b\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\uff1b\u7f51\u9875\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u662f\u7531\u6587\u672c\u7ec4\u6210\u7684\u3002
\n\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u805a\u5408\u6570\u636e\u7ed3\u6784\uff0c\u53ef\u5145\u5206\u5229\u7528\u7d22\u5f15\u548c\u5207\u7247\u2014\u7528\u4e8e\u4ece\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u4e2d\u63d0\u53d6\u5b50\u4e32\u3002\u800cPython\u6b63\u5219\u8868\u8fbe\u5f0f\u5e93\uff0c\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u7528\u6765\u5904\u7406\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u7684\u5fae\u578b\u8bed\u8a00\uff0c\u4f46\u529f\u80fd\u5f3a\u5927\u3002
\npython\u8fd8\u53ef\u4ee5\u901a\u8fc7\u51e0\u79cd\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u64cd\u4f5c\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u3002\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u7528\u5355\u5f15\u53f7\u6216\u53cc\u5f15\u53f7\u6807\u8bc6\uff1a<\/p>\n
>>> 'spam eggs'\n'spam eggs'\n>>> \"doesn't\"\n\"doesn't\"\n>>> '\"Yes,\" he said.'\n'\"Yes,\" he said.'<\/pre>\n
Python \u4f7f\u7528\u53cd\u659c\u6760(\\)\u8f6c\u4e49\u7279\u6b8a\u5b57\u7b26\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u4f60\u4e0d\u60f3\u8ba9\u53cd\u659c\u6760\u53d1\u751f\u8f6c\u4e49\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u524d\u9762\u6dfb\u52a0\u4e00\u4e2a r\uff0c\u8868\u793a\u539f\u59cb\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u3002\u53e6\u5916\uff0c\u53cd\u659c\u6760(\\)\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f5c\u4e3a\u7eed\u884c\u7b26\uff0c\u8868\u793a\u4e0b\u4e00\u884c\u662f\u4e0a\u4e00\u884c\u7684\u5ef6\u7eed\u3002\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528 “””…””” \u6216\u8005 ”’…”’ \u8de8\u8d8a\u591a\u884c\u3002\u6ce8\u610f\uff0cPython \u6ca1\u6709\u5355\u72ec\u7684\u5b57\u7b26\u7c7b\u578b\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u5b57\u7b26\u5c31\u662f\u957f\u5ea6\u4e3a1\u7684\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u3002\u4e0e C \u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u662f\uff0cPython \u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u4e0d\u80fd\u88ab\u6539\u53d8\u3002\u5411\u4e00\u4e2a\u7d22\u5f15\u4f4d\u7f6e\u8d4b\u503c\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982word[0] = ‘m’\u4f1a\u5bfc\u81f4\u9519\u8bef\u3002
\n\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528+\u8fd0\u7b97\u7b26\u8fde\u63a5\u5728\u4e00\u8d77\uff0c\u7528*\u8fd0\u7b97\u7b26\u91cd\u590d\u3002
\n\u66ff\u6362\u51fd\u6570
\nPython\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u81ea\u5e26\u4e86\u4e24\u4e2a\u66ff\u6362\u51fd\u6570\uff1a
\n\u51fd\u6570\u540d \u8fd4\u56de\u7684\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32
\ns.replace(old,new) \u5c06s\u4e2d\u7684\u6bcf\u4e2aold\u66ff\u6362\u4e3anew
\ns.expandtabs(n) \u5c06s\u4e2d\u7684\u6bcf\u4e2a\u5236\u8868\u7b26\u6269\u5c55\u4e3a\u7a7a\u683c\uff0c\u7a7a\u683c\u5bbd\u5ea6\u4e3an
\n\u62c6\u5206\u51fd\u6570
\n\u5c06\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u62c6\u5206\u6210\u591a\u4e2a\u5b50\u4e32\uff1a
\n\u51fd\u6570 \u8fd4\u56de\u7684\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32
\ns.partition(t) \u5c06s\u62c6\u5206\u4e3a\u4e09\u4e2a\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\uff08head\u3001t\u548ctail\uff09\uff0c\u5176\u4e2dhead\u4e3at\u524d\u9762\u7684\u5b50\u4e32\uff0ctail\u4e3at\u540e\u9762\u7684\u5b50\u4e32\u3002\u8fd4\u56de\u503c\u4e3a\u5143\u7ec4
\ns.rpartition(t) \u4e0epartition\u76f8\u540c\uff0c\u4f46\u4eces\u7684\u53f3\u7aef\u5f00\u59cb\u641c\u7d22t\u3002\u8fd4\u56de\u503c\u4e3a\u5143\u7ec4
\ns.split(t) \u4ee5t\u4e3a\u5206\u9694\u7b26\uff0c\u5c06s\u5212\u5206\u6210\u4e00\u7cfb\u5217\u5b50\u4e32\uff0c\u5e76\u8fd4\u56de\u4e00\u4e2a\u7531\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5b50\u4e32\u7ec4\u6210\u7684\u5217\u8868
\ns.rsplit(t) \u4e0esplit\u76f8\u540c\uff0c\u4f46\u4eces\u7684\u53f3\u7aef\u5f00\u59cb\u641c\u7d22t
\ns.splitlines() \u8fd4\u56de\u4e00\u4e2a\u7531s\u4e2d\u7684\u5404\u884c\u7ec4\u6210\u7684\u5217\u8868
\n\u6539\u53d8\u5927\u5c0f\u5199\u51fd\u6570
\n\u51fd\u6570\u540d \u8fd4\u56de\u7684\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32
\ns.capitalize() \u5c06s[0]\u6539\u4e3a\u5927\u5199\uff0c\u5176\u4f59\u5c0f\u5199
\ns.lower() \u8ba9s\u7684\u6240\u6709\u5b57\u6bcd\u90fd\u5c0f\u5199
\ns.upper() \u8ba9s\u7684\u6240\u6709\u5b57\u6bcd\u90fd\u5927\u5199
\ns.swapcase() \u5c06\u5c0f\u5199\u5b57\u6bcd\u6539\u4e3a\u5927\u5199\uff0c\u5e76\u5c06\u5927\u5199\u5b57\u6bcd\u6539\u4e3a\u5c0f\u5199
\ns.title() \u8ba9s\u7684\u5927\u5c0f\u5199\u7b26\u5408\u6807\u9898\u7684\u8981\u6c42
\n\u5e38\u7528\u51fd\u6570
\n\u5305\u62ec\u4e0a\u9762\u5217\u51fa\u7684\u51fd\u6570
\n\u5e8f\u53f7 \u65b9\u6cd5\u53ca\u63cf\u8ff0
\n1 capitalize()
\n\u5c06\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u5b57\u7b26\u8f6c\u6362\u4e3a\u5927\u5199
\n2 center(width, fillchar)
\n\u8fd4\u56de\u4e00\u4e2a\u6307\u5b9a\u7684\u5bbd\u5ea6width\u5c45\u4e2d\u7684\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\uff0cfillchar\u4e3a\u586b\u5145\u7684\u5b57\u7b26\uff0c\u9ed8\u8ba4\u4e3a\u7a7a\u683c\u3002
\n3 count(str, beg= 0,end=len(string))
\n\u8fd4\u56de str \u5728 string \u91cc\u9762\u51fa\u73b0\u7684\u6b21\u6570\uff0c\u5982\u679c beg \u6216\u8005 end \u6307\u5b9a\u5219\u8fd4\u56de\u6307\u5b9a\u8303\u56f4\u5185 str \u51fa\u73b0\u7684\u6b21\u6570
\n4 bytes.decode(encoding=”utf-8″, errors=”strict”)
\nPython3 \u4e2d\u6ca1\u6709 decode \u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u4f46\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528 bytes \u5bf9\u8c61\u7684 decode() \u65b9\u6cd5\u6765\u89e3\u7801\u7ed9\u5b9a\u7684 bytes \u5bf9\u8c61\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a bytes \u5bf9\u8c61\u53ef\u4ee5\u7531 str.encode() \u6765\u7f16\u7801\u8fd4\u56de\u3002
\n5 encode(encoding=’UTF-8′,errors=’strict’)
\n\u4ee5 encoding \u6307\u5b9a\u7684\u7f16\u7801\u683c\u5f0f\u7f16\u7801\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u51fa\u9519\u9ed8\u8ba4\u62a5\u4e00\u4e2aValueError \u7684\u5f02\u5e38\uff0c\u9664\u975e errors \u6307\u5b9a\u7684\u662f’ignore’\u6216\u8005’replace’
\n6 endswith(suffix, beg=0, end=len(string))
\n\u68c0\u67e5\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u662f\u5426\u4ee5 obj \u7ed3\u675f\uff0c\u5982\u679cbeg \u6216\u8005 end \u6307\u5b9a\u5219\u68c0\u67e5\u6307\u5b9a\u7684\u8303\u56f4\u5185\u662f\u5426\u4ee5 obj \u7ed3\u675f\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u662f\uff0c\u8fd4\u56de True,\u5426\u5219\u8fd4\u56de False.
\n7 expandtabs(tabsize=8)
\n\u628a\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32string\u4e2d\u7684tab\u7b26\u53f7\u8f6c\u4e3a\u7a7a\u683c\uff0ctab\u7b26\u53f7\u9ed8\u8ba4\u7684\u7a7a\u683c\u6570\u662f8\u3002
\n8 find(str, beg=0, end=len(string))
\n\u68c0\u6d4bstr\u662f\u5426\u5305\u542b\u5728\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u4e2d\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u6307\u5b9a\u8303\u56f4 beg \u548c end \uff0c\u5219\u68c0\u67e5\u662f\u5426\u5305\u542b\u5728\u6307\u5b9a\u8303\u56f4\u5185\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u5305\u542b\u8fd4\u56de\u5f00\u59cb\u7684\u7d22\u5f15\u503c\uff0c\u5426\u5219\u8fd4\u56de-1
\n9 index(str, beg=0, end=len(string))
\n\u8ddffind()\u65b9\u6cd5\u4e00\u6837\uff0c\u53ea\u4e0d\u8fc7\u5982\u679cstr\u4e0d\u5728\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u4e2d\u4f1a\u62a5\u4e00\u4e2a\u5f02\u5e38.
\n10 isalnum()
\n\u5982\u679c\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u81f3\u5c11\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u5b57\u7b26\u5e76\u4e14\u6240\u6709\u5b57\u7b26\u90fd\u662f\u5b57\u6bcd\u6216\u6570\u5b57\u5219\u8fd4\u56deTrue,\u5426\u5219\u8fd4\u56deFalse
\n11 isalpha()
\n\u5982\u679c\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u81f3\u5c11\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u5b57\u7b26\u5e76\u4e14\u6240\u6709\u5b57\u7b26\u90fd\u662f\u5b57\u6bcd\u5219\u8fd4\u56deTrue\uff0c\u5426\u5219\u8fd4\u56deFalse
\n12 isdigit()
\n\u5982\u679c\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u53ea\u5305\u542b\u6570\u5b57\u5219\u8fd4\u56de True \u5426\u5219\u8fd4\u56de False..
\n13 islower()
\n\u5982\u679c\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u4e2d\u5305\u542b\u81f3\u5c11\u4e00\u4e2a\u533a\u5206\u5927\u5c0f\u5199\u7684\u5b57\u7b26\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u6240\u6709\u8fd9\u4e9b(\u533a\u5206\u5927\u5c0f\u5199\u7684)\u5b57\u7b26\u90fd\u662f\u5c0f\u5199\uff0c\u5219\u8fd4\u56de True\uff0c\u5426\u5219\u8fd4\u56de False
\n14 isnumeric()
\n\u5982\u679c\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u4e2d\u53ea\u5305\u542b\u6570\u5b57\u5b57\u7b26\uff0c\u5219\u8fd4\u56de True\uff0c\u5426\u5219\u8fd4\u56de False
\n15 isspace()
\n\u5982\u679c\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u4e2d\u53ea\u5305\u542b\u7a7a\u767d\uff0c\u5219\u8fd4\u56de True\uff0c\u5426\u5219\u8fd4\u56de False.
\n16 istitle()
\n\u5982\u679c\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u662f\u6807\u9898\u5316\u7684(\u89c1 title())\u5219\u8fd4\u56de True\uff0c\u5426\u5219\u8fd4\u56de False
\n17 isupper()
\n\u5982\u679c\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u4e2d\u5305\u542b\u81f3\u5c11\u4e00\u4e2a\u533a\u5206\u5927\u5c0f\u5199\u7684\u5b57\u7b26\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u6240\u6709\u8fd9\u4e9b(\u533a\u5206\u5927\u5c0f\u5199\u7684)\u5b57\u7b26\u90fd\u662f\u5927\u5199\uff0c\u5219\u8fd4\u56de True\uff0c\u5426\u5219\u8fd4\u56de False
\n18 join(seq)
\n\u4ee5\u6307\u5b9a\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5206\u9694\u7b26\uff0c\u5c06 seq \u4e2d\u6240\u6709\u7684\u5143\u7d20(\u7684\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u8868\u793a)\u5408\u5e76\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u65b0\u7684\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32
\n19 len(string)
\n\u8fd4\u56de\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u957f\u5ea6
\n20 ljust(width[, fillchar])
\n\u8fd4\u56de\u4e00\u4e2a\u539f\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u5de6\u5bf9\u9f50,\u5e76\u4f7f\u7528 fillchar \u586b\u5145\u81f3\u957f\u5ea6 width \u7684\u65b0\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\uff0cfillchar \u9ed8\u8ba4\u4e3a\u7a7a\u683c\u3002
\n21 lower()
\n\u8f6c\u6362\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u4e2d\u6240\u6709\u5927\u5199\u5b57\u7b26\u4e3a\u5c0f\u5199.
\n22 lstrip()
\n\u622a\u6389\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u5de6\u8fb9\u7684\u7a7a\u683c\u6216\u6307\u5b9a\u5b57\u7b26\u3002
\n23 maketrans()
\n\u521b\u5efa\u5b57\u7b26\u6620\u5c04\u7684\u8f6c\u6362\u8868\uff0c\u5bf9\u4e8e\u63a5\u53d7\u4e24\u4e2a\u53c2\u6570\u7684\u6700\u7b80\u5355\u7684\u8c03\u7528\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u53c2\u6570\u662f\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\uff0c\u8868\u793a\u9700\u8981\u8f6c\u6362\u7684\u5b57\u7b26\uff0c\u7b2c\u4e8c\u4e2a\u53c2\u6570\u4e5f\u662f\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u8868\u793a\u8f6c\u6362\u7684\u76ee\u6807\u3002
\n24 max(str)
\n\u8fd4\u56de\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32 str \u4e2d\u6700\u5927\u7684\u5b57\u6bcd\u3002
\n25 min(str)
\n\u8fd4\u56de\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32 str \u4e2d\u6700\u5c0f\u7684\u5b57\u6bcd\u3002
\n26 replace(old, new [, max])
\n\u628a \u5c06\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u4e2d\u7684 str1 \u66ff\u6362\u6210 str2,\u5982\u679c max \u6307\u5b9a\uff0c\u5219\u66ff\u6362\u4e0d\u8d85\u8fc7 max \u6b21\u3002
\n27 rfind(str, beg=0,end=len(string))
\n\u7c7b\u4f3c\u4e8e find()\u51fd\u6570\uff0c\u4e0d\u8fc7\u662f\u4ece\u53f3\u8fb9\u5f00\u59cb\u67e5\u627e.
\n28 rindex( str, beg=0, end=len(string))
\n\u7c7b\u4f3c\u4e8e index()\uff0c\u4e0d\u8fc7\u662f\u4ece\u53f3\u8fb9\u5f00\u59cb.
\n29 rjust(width,[, fillchar])
\n\u8fd4\u56de\u4e00\u4e2a\u539f\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u53f3\u5bf9\u9f50,\u5e76\u4f7f\u7528fillchar(\u9ed8\u8ba4\u7a7a\u683c\uff09\u586b\u5145\u81f3\u957f\u5ea6 width \u7684\u65b0\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32
\n30 rstrip()
\n\u5220\u9664\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u672b\u5c3e\u7684\u7a7a\u683c.
\n31 split(str=””, num=string.count(str))
\nnum=string.count(str)) \u4ee5 str \u4e3a\u5206\u9694\u7b26\u622a\u53d6\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\uff0c\u5982\u679c num \u6709\u6307\u5b9a\u503c\uff0c\u5219\u4ec5\u622a\u53d6 num+1 \u4e2a\u5b50\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32
\n32 splitlines([keepends])
\n\u6309\u7167\u884c(‘\\r’, ‘\\r\\n’, \\n’)\u5206\u9694\uff0c\u8fd4\u56de\u4e00\u4e2a\u5305\u542b\u5404\u884c\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5143\u7d20\u7684\u5217\u8868\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u53c2\u6570 keepends \u4e3a False\uff0c\u4e0d\u5305\u542b\u6362\u884c\u7b26\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u4e3a True\uff0c\u5219\u4fdd\u7559\u6362\u884c\u7b26\u3002
\n33 startswith(substr, beg=0,end=len(string))
\n\u68c0\u67e5\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u662f\u5426\u662f\u4ee5\u6307\u5b9a\u5b50\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32 substr \u5f00\u5934\uff0c\u662f\u5219\u8fd4\u56de True\uff0c\u5426\u5219\u8fd4\u56de False\u3002\u5982\u679cbeg \u548c end \u6307\u5b9a\u503c\uff0c\u5219\u5728\u6307\u5b9a\u8303\u56f4\u5185\u68c0\u67e5\u3002
\n34 strip([chars])
\n\u5728\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u4e0a\u6267\u884c lstrip()\u548c rstrip()
\n35 swapcase()
\n\u5c06\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u4e2d\u5927\u5199\u8f6c\u6362\u4e3a\u5c0f\u5199\uff0c\u5c0f\u5199\u8f6c\u6362\u4e3a\u5927\u5199
\n36 title()
\n\u8fd4\u56de”\u6807\u9898\u5316”\u7684\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32,\u5c31\u662f\u8bf4\u6240\u6709\u5355\u8bcd\u90fd\u662f\u4ee5\u5927\u5199\u5f00\u59cb\uff0c\u5176\u4f59\u5b57\u6bcd\u5747\u4e3a\u5c0f\u5199(\u89c1 istitle())
\n37 translate(table, deletechars=””)
\n\u6839\u636e str \u7ed9\u51fa\u7684\u8868(\u5305\u542b 256 \u4e2a\u5b57\u7b26)\u8f6c\u6362 string \u7684\u5b57\u7b26,\u8981\u8fc7\u6ee4\u6389\u7684\u5b57\u7b26\u653e\u5230 deletechars\u53c2\u6570\u4e2d
\n38 upper()
\n\u8f6c\u6362\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u4e2d\u7684\u5c0f\u5199\u5b57\u6bcd\u4e3a\u5927\u5199
\n39 zfill (width)
\n\u8fd4\u56de\u957f\u5ea6\u4e3a width \u7684\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\uff0c\u539f\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u53f3\u5bf9\u9f50\uff0c\u524d\u9762\u586b\u51450
\n40 isdecimal()
\n\u68c0\u67e5\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u662f\u5426\u53ea\u5305\u542b\u5341\u8fdb\u5236\u5b57\u7b26\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u662f\u8fd4\u56de true\uff0c\u5426\u5219\u8fd4\u56defalse\u3002
\n\u8f6c\u4e49\u5b57\u7b26:\u5728\u9700\u8981\u5728\u5b57\u7b26\u4e2d\u4f7f\u7528\u7279\u6b8a\u5b57\u7b26\u65f6\uff0cpython\u7528\u53cd\u659c\u6760(\\)\u8f6c\u4e49\u5b57\u7b26\u3002\u5982\u4e0b\u8868\uff1a
\n\u8f6c\u4e49\u5b57\u7b26 \u63cf\u8ff0
\n\\(\u5728\u884c\u5c3e\u65f6) \u7eed\u884c\u7b26
\n\\\\ \u53cd\u659c\u6760\u7b26\u53f7
\n\\’ \u5355\u5f15\u53f7
\n\\” \u53cc\u5f15\u53f7
\n\\a \u54cd\u94c3
\n\\b \u9000\u683c(Backspace)
\n\\000 \u7a7a
\n\\n \u6362\u884c
\n\\v \u7eb5\u5411\u5236\u8868\u7b26
\n\\t \u6a2a\u5411\u5236\u8868\u7b26
\n\\r \u56de\u8f66
\n\\f \u6362\u9875
\n\\oyy \u516b\u8fdb\u5236\u6570\uff0cyy\u00a0\u4ee3\u8868\u7684\u5b57\u7b26\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\uff1a\\o12\u00a0\u4ee3\u8868\u6362\u884c\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d o \u662f\u5b57\u6bcd\uff0c\u4e0d\u662f\u6570\u5b57 0\u3002
\n\\xyy \u5341\u516d\u8fdb\u5236\u6570\uff0cyy\u4ee3\u8868\u7684\u5b57\u7b26\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\uff1a\\x0a\u4ee3\u8868\u6362\u884c
\n\\other \u5176\u5b83\u7684\u5b57\u7b26\u4ee5\u666e\u901a\u683c\u5f0f\u8f93\u51fa
\n\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u8fd0\u7b97\u7b26\uff1a\u4e0b\u8868\u5b9e\u4f8b\u53d8\u91cfa\u503c\u4e3a\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32 “Hello”\uff0cb\u53d8\u91cf\u503c\u4e3a “Python”\uff1a
\n\u64cd\u4f5c\u7b26 \u63cf\u8ff0 \u5b9e\u4f8b
\n+ \u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u8fde\u63a5 a + b \u8f93\u51fa\u7ed3\u679c\uff1a HelloPython
\n* \u91cd\u590d\u8f93\u51fa\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32 a*2 \u8f93\u51fa\u7ed3\u679c\uff1aHelloHello
\n[] \u901a\u8fc7\u7d22\u5f15\u83b7\u53d6\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u4e2d\u5b57\u7b26 a[1] \u8f93\u51fa\u7ed3\u679c\u00a0e
\n[ : ] \u622a\u53d6\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u4e2d\u7684\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\uff0c\u9075\u5faa\u5de6\u95ed\u53f3\u5f00\u539f\u5219\uff0cstr[0,2] \u662f\u4e0d\u5305\u542b\u7b2c 3 \u4e2a\u5b57\u7b26\u7684\u3002 a[1:4] \u8f93\u51fa\u7ed3\u679c\u00a0ell
\nin \u6210\u5458\u8fd0\u7b97\u7b26 – \u5982\u679c\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u4e2d\u5305\u542b\u7ed9\u5b9a\u7684\u5b57\u7b26\u8fd4\u56de True ‘H’ in a\u00a0\u8f93\u51fa\u7ed3\u679c True
\nnot in \u6210\u5458\u8fd0\u7b97\u7b26 – \u5982\u679c\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u4e2d\u4e0d\u5305\u542b\u7ed9\u5b9a\u7684\u5b57\u7b26\u8fd4\u56de True ‘M’ not in a\u00a0\u8f93\u51fa\u7ed3\u679c True
\nr\/R \u539f\u59cb\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32 – \u539f\u59cb\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\uff1a\u6240\u6709\u7684\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u90fd\u662f\u76f4\u63a5\u6309\u7167\u5b57\u9762\u7684\u610f\u601d\u6765\u4f7f\u7528\uff0c\u6ca1\u6709\u8f6c\u4e49\u7279\u6b8a\u6216\u4e0d\u80fd\u6253\u5370\u7684\u5b57\u7b26\u3002 \u539f\u59cb\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u9664\u5728\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u5f15\u53f7\u524d\u52a0\u4e0a\u5b57\u6bcd\u00a0r\uff08\u53ef\u4ee5\u5927\u5c0f\u5199\uff09\u4ee5\u5916\uff0c\u4e0e\u666e\u901a\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u6709\u7740\u51e0\u4e4e\u5b8c\u5168\u76f8\u540c\u7684\u8bed\u6cd5\u3002 print( r’\\n’ )
\nprint( R’\\n’ )
\n% \u683c\u5f0f\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32
\n\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u683c\u5f0f\u5316
\nPython \u652f\u6301\u683c\u5f0f\u5316\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u7684\u8f93\u51fa \u3002\u5c3d\u7ba1\u8fd9\u6837\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u7528\u5230\u975e\u5e38\u590d\u6742\u7684\u8868\u8fbe\u5f0f\uff0c\u4f46\u6700\u57fa\u672c\u7684\u7528\u6cd5\u662f\u5c06\u4e00\u4e2a\u503c\u63d2\u5165\u5230\u4e00\u4e2a\u6709\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u683c\u5f0f\u7b26 %s \u7684\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u4e2d\u3002
\n\u5728 Python \u4e2d\uff0c\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u683c\u5f0f\u5316\u4f7f\u7528\u4e0e C \u4e2d sprintf \u51fd\u6570\u4e00\u6837\u7684\u8bed\u6cd5\u3002
\n\u7b26\u00a0\u00a0 \u53f7 \u63cf\u8ff0
\n%c \u00a0\u683c\u5f0f\u5316\u5b57\u7b26\u53ca\u5176ASCII\u7801
\n%s \u00a0\u683c\u5f0f\u5316\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32
\n%d \u00a0\u683c\u5f0f\u5316\u6574\u6570
\n%u \u00a0\u683c\u5f0f\u5316\u65e0\u7b26\u53f7\u6574\u578b
\n%o \u00a0\u683c\u5f0f\u5316\u65e0\u7b26\u53f7\u516b\u8fdb\u5236\u6570
\n%x \u00a0\u683c\u5f0f\u5316\u65e0\u7b26\u53f7\u5341\u516d\u8fdb\u5236\u6570
\n%X \u00a0\u683c\u5f0f\u5316\u65e0\u7b26\u53f7\u5341\u516d\u8fdb\u5236\u6570\uff08\u5927\u5199\uff09
\n%f \u00a0\u683c\u5f0f\u5316\u6d6e\u70b9\u6570\u5b57\uff0c\u53ef\u6307\u5b9a\u5c0f\u6570\u70b9\u540e\u7684\u7cbe\u5ea6
\n%e \u00a0\u7528\u79d1\u5b66\u8ba1\u6570\u6cd5\u683c\u5f0f\u5316\u6d6e\u70b9\u6570
\n%E \u00a0\u4f5c\u7528\u540c%e\uff0c\u7528\u79d1\u5b66\u8ba1\u6570\u6cd5\u683c\u5f0f\u5316\u6d6e\u70b9\u6570
\n%g \u00a0%f\u548c%e\u7684\u7b80\u5199
\n%G \u00a0%f \u548c %E \u7684\u7b80\u5199
\n%p \u00a0\u7528\u5341\u516d\u8fdb\u5236\u6570\u683c\u5f0f\u5316\u53d8\u91cf\u7684\u5730\u5740<\/p>\n
None\u7c7b\u578b
\nNone\u7c7b\u578b\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u7279\u6b8a\u7684\u5e38\u91cf\uff0c\u8868\u793a\u51fa\u9519\u3002
\n\u903b\u8f91\u8868\u8fbe\u5f0f\uff1apython\u4e2d\u6ca1\u6709boolean\u7c7b\u578b\uff0c\u9664\u4e860\u4ee5\u5916\uff0c\u5176\u4ed6\u90fd\u662f\u771f\u3002\u4f46\u662fpython\u4e2d\u2018\u5047\u2019\u6709\u5f88\u591a\u79cd\uff0c\u5305\u62ecNone\uff0c0\uff0c0.0\uff0c\u201c\u201d(\u7a7a\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32) \uff0c[](\u7a7alist)\uff0c()(\u7a7a\u5143\u7956)\uff0c{}(\u7a7a\u5b57\u5178)\u3002
\npython\u4e2d\u7684\u903b\u8f91\u8fd0\u7b97\u7b26\u6709\uff1aand , or , not
\n\u94fe\u8868(\u5217\u8868list)
\n\u5217\u8868\u662fPython\u4e2d\u975e\u5e38\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u6570\u636e\u7c7b\u578b\uff0c\u901a\u5e38\u4f5c\u4e3a\u51fd\u6570\u7684\u8fd4\u56de\u7c7b\u578b\u3002\u5217\u8868\u548c\u5143\u7ec4\u76f8\u4f3c\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u7531\u4e00\u7ec4\u5143\u7d20\u7ec4\u6210\u3002\u5217\u8868\u53ef\u5305\u542b\u4efb\u4f55\u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u503c\uff1a\u6570\u5b57\u3001\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u751a\u81f3\u5e8f\u5217\u3002\u5217\u8868\u4e0e\u5143\u7ec4\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u5dee\u522b\u662f\u5217\u8868\u662f\u53ef\u53d8\u7684\uff0c\u5373\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u4e0d\u590d\u5236\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u6dfb\u52a0\u3001\u5220\u9664\u6216\u4fee\u6539\u5217\u8868\u5143\u7d20\u3002\u5217\u8868\u7684\u521b\u5efa\uff0c\u683c\u5f0f\uff1a
\nlist=[\u5143\u7d201,\u5143\u7d202,\u2026\u5143\u7d20n] #\u5b9a\u4e49n\u4e2a\u5143\u7d20\u7ec4\u6210\u7684\u5217\u8868
\nlist=[] #\u5b9a\u4e49\u7a7a\u5217\u8868
\nlist=[x] #\u5b9a\u4e49\u53ea\u5305\u542b\u4e00\u4e2a\u5143\u7d20\u7684\u5217\u8868\uff0c\u4e0e\u5143\u7ec4\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u6700\u540e\u7684\u9017\u53f7\u4e0d\u662f\u5fc5\u987b\u7684
\n\u8bf4\u660e\uff1a\u5217\u8868\u7528\u65b9\u62ec\u53f7\u62ec\u8d77\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u5143\u7d20\u7528\u9017\u53f7\u5206\u9694
\npython \u5df2\u7ecf\u6709\u4e86\u51e0\u4e2a\u590d\u5408\u6570\u636e\u7c7b\u578b\uff0c\u7528\u4e8e\u7ec4\u7ec7\u5176\u5b83\u7684\u503c\u3002\u6700\u901a\u7528\u7684\u662f\u94fe\u8868\uff0c\u5b83\u5199\u4e3a\u4e2d\u62ec\u53f7\u4e4b\u95f4\u7528\u9017\u53f7\u5206\u9694\u7684\u4e00\u5217\u503c\uff08\u5b50\u9879\uff09\uff0c\u94fe\u8868\u7684\u5b50\u9879\u4e0d\u4e00\u5b9a\u662f\u540c\u4e00\u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u503c\u3002<\/p>\n
>>> a = ['spam', 'eggs', 100, 1234]\n>>> a\n['spam', 'eggs', 100, 1234]<\/pre>\n
\u94fe\u8868\u4e5f\u4ee5\u96f6\u5f00\u59cb\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u88ab\u5207\u7247\uff0c\u8054\u63a5\uff0c\u7b49\u7b49\uff1a<\/p>\n
>>> a = ['spam', 'eggs', 100, 1234]\n>>> a[0]\n'spam\u2018\n>>> a[3]\n1234\n>>> a[-2]\n100\n>>> a[1:-1]\n['eggs', 100]\n>>> a[:2] + ['bacon', 2*2]\n['spam', 'eggs', 'bacon', 4]\n$$$\n#!\/usr\/bin\/python3\n \nlist = [ 'abcd', 786 , 2.23, 'runoob', 70.2 ]\ntinylist = [123, 'runoob']<\/pre>\n
print (list) # \u8f93\u51fa\u5b8c\u6574\u5217\u8868
\nprint (list[0]) # \u8f93\u51fa\u5217\u8868\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u5143\u7d20
\nprint (list[1:3]) # \u4ece\u7b2c\u4e8c\u4e2a\u5f00\u59cb\u8f93\u51fa\u5230\u7b2c\u4e09\u4e2a\u5143\u7d20
\nprint (list[2:]) # \u8f93\u51fa\u4ece\u7b2c\u4e09\u4e2a\u5143\u7d20\u5f00\u59cb\u7684\u6240\u6709\u5143\u7d20
\nprint (tinylist * 2) # \u8f93\u51fa\u4e24\u6b21\u5217\u8868
\nprint (list + tinylist) # \u8fde\u63a5\u5217\u8868
\nPython \u5217\u8868\u622a\u53d6\u53ef\u4ee5\u63a5\u6536\u7b2c\u4e09\u4e2a\u53c2\u6570\uff0c\u53c2\u6570\u4f5c\u7528\u662f\u622a\u53d6\u7684\u6b65\u957f\uff0c\u4ee5\u4e0b\u5b9e\u4f8b\u5728\u7d22\u5f15 1 \u5230\u7d22\u5f15 4 \u7684\u4f4d\u7f6e\u5e76\u8bbe\u7f6e\u4e3a\u6b65\u957f\u4e3a 2\uff08\u95f4\u9694\u4e00\u4e2a\u4f4d\u7f6e\uff09\u6765\u622a\u53d6\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\uff1a\u5982\u679c\u7b2c\u4e09\u4e2a\u53c2\u6570\u4e3a\u8d1f\u6570\u8868\u793a\u9006\u5411\u8bfb\u53d6\uff0c\u4ee5\u4e0b\u5b9e\u4f8b\u7528\u4e8e\u7ffb\u8f6c\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\uff1a
\ndef reverseWords(input):<\/p>\n
# \u901a\u8fc7\u7a7a\u683c\u5c06\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u5206\u9694\u7b26\uff0c\u628a\u5404\u4e2a\u5355\u8bcd\u5206\u9694\u4e3a\u5217\u8868
\ninputWords = input.split(” “)<\/p>\n
# \u7ffb\u8f6c\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32
\n# \u5047\u8bbe\u5217\u8868 list = [1,2,3,4],
\n# list[0]=1, list[1]=2 \uff0c\u800c -1 \u8868\u793a\u6700\u540e\u4e00\u4e2a\u5143\u7d20 list[-1]=4 ( \u4e0e list[3]=4 \u4e00\u6837)
\n# inputWords[-1::-1] \u6709\u4e09\u4e2a\u53c2\u6570
\n# \u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u53c2\u6570 -1 \u8868\u793a\u6700\u540e\u4e00\u4e2a\u5143\u7d20
\n# \u7b2c\u4e8c\u4e2a\u53c2\u6570\u4e3a\u7a7a\uff0c\u8868\u793a\u79fb\u52a8\u5230\u5217\u8868\u672b\u5c3e
\n# \u7b2c\u4e09\u4e2a\u53c2\u6570\u4e3a\u6b65\u957f\uff0c-1 \u8868\u793a\u9006\u5411
\ninputWords=inputWords[-1::-1]<\/p>\n
# \u91cd\u65b0\u7ec4\u5408\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32
\noutput = ‘ ‘.join(inputWords)
\nreturn output<\/p>\n
  \nif __name__ == \"__main__\": \n    input = 'I like runoob'\n    rw = reverseWords(input) \n    print(rw)<\/pre>\n
\u5e38\u7528\u5217\u8868\u51fd\u6570
\n\u51fd\u6570 \u8fd4\u56de\u503c
\ns.append(x) \u5728\u5217\u8868s\u672b\u5c3e\u5904\u6dfb\u52a0\u5143\u7d20x
\ns.count(x) \u8fd4\u56de\u5143\u7d20x\u5728\u5217\u8868\u4e2d\u51fa\u73b0\u7684\u6b21\u6570
\ns.extend(lst) \u5c06lst\u7684\u6240\u6709\u5143\u7d20\u90fd\u6dfb\u52a0\u5230\u5217\u8868s\u672b\u5c3e
\ns.index(x) \u8fd4\u56de\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2ax\u5143\u7d20\u7684\u7d22\u5f15
\ns.insert(i,x) \u5c06\u5143\u7d20x\u63d2\u5165\u5230\u7d22\u5f15i\u6307\u5b9a\u7684\u5143\u7d20\u524d\u9762\uff0c\u7ed3\u679c\u662fs[i]=x
\ns.pop(i) \u5220\u9664\u5e76\u8fd4\u56des\u4e2d\u7d22\u5f15\u4e3ai\u7684\u5143\u7d20
\ns.remove(x) \u5220\u9664s\u4e2d\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2ax\u5143\u7d20
\ns.reverse(x) \u53cd\u8f6cs\u4e2d\u5143\u7d20\u7684\u6392\u5217\u987a\u5e8f
\ns.sort() \u5c06s\u7684\u5143\u7d20\u6309\u5347\u5e8f\u6392\u5217
\n\u5217\u8868\u51fd\u6570\u4e0e\u65b9\u6cd5
\n\u5305\u62ec\u4e0a\u9762\u7684\u90e8\u5206\u51fd\u6570
\n\u5e8f\u53f7 \u51fd\u6570
\n1 len(list)
\n\u5217\u8868\u5143\u7d20\u4e2a\u6570
\n2 max(list)
\n\u8fd4\u56de\u5217\u8868\u5143\u7d20\u6700\u5927\u503c
\n3 min(list)
\n\u8fd4\u56de\u5217\u8868\u5143\u7d20\u6700\u5c0f\u503c
\n4 list(seq)
\n\u5c06\u5143\u7ec4\u8f6c\u6362\u4e3a\u5217\u8868
\n\u5e8f\u53f7 \u65b9\u6cd5
\n1 list.append(obj)
\n\u5728\u5217\u8868\u672b\u5c3e\u6dfb\u52a0\u65b0\u7684\u5bf9\u8c61
\n2 list.count(obj)
\n\u7edf\u8ba1\u67d0\u4e2a\u5143\u7d20\u5728\u5217\u8868\u4e2d\u51fa\u73b0\u7684\u6b21\u6570
\n3 list.extend(seq)
\n\u5728\u5217\u8868\u672b\u5c3e\u4e00\u6b21\u6027\u8ffd\u52a0\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u5e8f\u5217\u4e2d\u7684\u591a\u4e2a\u503c\uff08\u7528\u65b0\u5217\u8868\u6269\u5c55\u539f\u6765\u7684\u5217\u8868\uff09
\n4 list.index(obj)
\n\u4ece\u5217\u8868\u4e2d\u627e\u51fa\u67d0\u4e2a\u503c\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u5339\u914d\u9879\u7684\u7d22\u5f15\u4f4d\u7f6e
\n5 list.insert(index, obj)
\n\u5c06\u5bf9\u8c61\u63d2\u5165\u5217\u8868
\n6 list.pop([index=-1])
\n\u79fb\u9664\u5217\u8868\u4e2d\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u5143\u7d20\uff08\u9ed8\u8ba4\u6700\u540e\u4e00\u4e2a\u5143\u7d20\uff09\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u8fd4\u56de\u8be5\u5143\u7d20\u7684\u503c
\n7 list.remove(obj)
\n\u79fb\u9664\u5217\u8868\u4e2d\u67d0\u4e2a\u503c\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u5339\u914d\u9879
\n8 list.reverse()
\n\u53cd\u5411\u5217\u8868\u4e2d\u5143\u7d20
\n9 list.sort( key=None, reverse=False)
\n\u5bf9\u539f\u5217\u8868\u8fdb\u884c\u6392\u5e8f
\n10 list.clear()
\n\u6e05\u7a7a\u5217\u8868
\n11 list.copy()
\n\u590d\u5236\u5217\u8868
\n\u5217\u8868\u811a\u672c\u64cd\u4f5c\u7b26
\n\u5217\u8868\u5bf9 + \u548c * \u7684\u64cd\u4f5c\u7b26\u4e0e\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u76f8\u4f3c\u3002+ \u53f7\u7528\u4e8e\u7ec4\u5408\u5217\u8868\uff0c* \u53f7\u7528\u4e8e\u91cd\u590d\u5217\u8868\u3002
\nPython \u8868\u8fbe\u5f0f \u7ed3\u679c<\/p>\n
len([1, 2, 3])\t3\n[1, 2, 3] + [4, 5, 6]\t[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]\n['Hi!'] * 4\t['Hi!', 'Hi!', 'Hi!', 'Hi!']\n3 in [1, 2, 3]\tTRUE\nfor x in [1, 2, 3]: print(x, end=\" \")\t1 2 3<\/pre>\n
\u5217\u8868\u622a\u53d6\u4e0e\u62fc\u63a5
\nPython\u7684\u5217\u8868\u622a\u53d6\u4e0e\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u64cd\u4f5c\u7c7b\u578b\uff0c\u5982\u4e0b\u6240\u793a\uff1a<\/p>\n
L=[‘Google’, ‘Runoob’, ‘Taobao’]<\/p>\n
Python \u8868\u8fbe\u5f0f \u7ed3\u679c \u63cf\u8ff0
\nL[2] ‘Taobao’ \u8bfb\u53d6\u7b2c\u4e09\u4e2a\u5143\u7d20
\nL[-2] ‘Runoob’ \u4ece\u53f3\u4fa7\u5f00\u59cb\u8bfb\u53d6\u5012\u6570\u7b2c\u4e8c\u4e2a\u5143\u7d20: count from the right
\nL[1:] [‘Runoob’, ‘Taobao’] \u8f93\u51fa\u4ece\u7b2c\u4e8c\u4e2a\u5143\u7d20\u5f00\u59cb\u540e\u7684\u6240\u6709\u5143\u7d20
\n\u5d4c\u5957\u5217\u8868
\n\u4f7f\u7528\u5d4c\u5957\u5217\u8868\u5373\u5728\u5217\u8868\u91cc\u521b\u5efa\u5176\u5b83\u5217\u8868\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\uff1a
\n\u5e8f\u53f7 \u51fd\u6570
\n1 len(list)
\n\u5217\u8868\u5143\u7d20\u4e2a\u6570
\n2 max(list)
\n\u8fd4\u56de\u5217\u8868\u5143\u7d20\u6700\u5927\u503c
\n3 min(list)
\n\u8fd4\u56de\u5217\u8868\u5143\u7d20\u6700\u5c0f\u503c
\n4 list(seq)
\n\u5c06\u5143\u7ec4\u8f6c\u6362\u4e3a\u5217\u8868
\n\u5143\u7ec4\uff08Tuples\uff09
\n\u5143\u7ec4\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u4e0d\u53ef\u53d8\u5e8f\u5217\uff0c\u5373\u521b\u5efa\u4e4b\u540e\u4e0d\u80fd\u518d\u505a\u4efb\u4f55\u4fee\u6539\u3002\u5143\u7ec4\u4e2d\u7684\u5143\u7d20\u503c\u662f\u4e0d\u5141\u8bb8\u5220\u9664\u7684\uff0c\u4f46\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528del\u8bed\u53e5\u6765\u5220\u9664\u6574\u4e2a\u5143\u7ec4\u3002\u5143\u7ec4\u7531\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u5143\u7d20\u7ec4\u6210\uff0c\u6bcf\u4e2a\u5143\u7d20\u53ef\u4ee5\u5b58\u50a8\u4e0d\u540c\u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u6570\u636e\uff0c\u5982\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u3001\u6570\u5b57\u751a\u81f3\u5143\u7ec4\u3002\u5143\u7ec4\u901a\u5e38\u4ee3\u8868\u4e00\u884c\u6570\u636e\uff0c\u800c\u5143\u7ec4\u4e2d\u7684\u5143\u7d20\u4ee3\u8868\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u6570\u636e\u9879\u3002\u6784\u9020\u5305\u542b 0 \u4e2a\u6216 1 \u4e2a\u5143\u7d20\u7684\u5143\u7ec4\u6bd4\u8f83\u7279\u6b8a\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u6709\u4e00\u4e9b\u989d\u5916\u7684\u8bed\u6cd5\u89c4\u5219\u3002
\ntup1 = () # \u7a7a\u5143\u7ec4
\ntup2 = (20,) # \u4e00\u4e2a\u5143\u7d20\uff0c\u9700\u8981\u5728\u5143\u7d20\u540e\u6dfb\u52a0\u9017\u53f7
\n\u5143\u7ec4\u7684\u521b\u5efa\uff0c\u683c\u5f0f\uff1a
\ntuple=(\u5143\u7d201,\u5143\u7d202,\u2026\u5143\u7d20n) #\u5b9a\u4e49n\u4e2a\u5143\u7d20\u7ec4\u6210\u7684\u5143\u7ec4
\ntuple=() #\u5b9a\u4e49\u7a7a\u5143\u7ec4
\ntuple=(\u5143\u7d201,) #\u5b9a\u4e49\u5355\u5143\u7d20\u5143\u7ec4
\n\u4e00\u4e2a\u5143\u7ec4\u7531\u6570\u4e2a\u9017\u53f7\u5206\u9694\u7684\u503c\u7ec4\u6210\uff0c\u5143\u7ec4\u5728\u8f93\u51fa\u65f6\u603b\u662f\u6709\u62ec\u53f7\u7684\uff0c\u4ee5\u4fbf\u4e8e\u6b63\u786e\u8868\u8fbe\u5d4c\u5957\u7ed3\u6784\u3002\u5728\u8f93\u5165\u65f6\u53ef\u80fd\u6709\u6216\u6ca1\u6709\u62ec\u53f7\u90fd\u53ef\u4ee5\uff0c\u4e0d\u8fc7\u7ecf\u5e38\u62ec\u53f7\u90fd\u662f\u5fc5\u987b\u7684\uff08\u5982\u679c\u5143\u7ec4\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u66f4\u5927\u7684\u8868\u8fbe\u5f0f\u7684\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n
>>> t = 12345, 54321, 'hello!'\n>>> t[0]\n12345\n>>> t\n(12345, 54321, 'hello!')\n>>>u = t, (1, 2, 3, 4, 5)\n>>> u\n((12345, 54321, 'hello!'), (1, 2, 3, 4, 5))<\/pre>\n
\u5143\u7ec4\u8fd0\u7b97\u7b26
\n\u4e0e\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u4e00\u6837\uff0c\u5143\u7ec4\u4e4b\u95f4\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528 + \u53f7\u548c * \u53f7\u8fdb\u884c\u8fd0\u7b97\u3002\u8fd9\u5c31\u610f\u5473\u7740\u4ed6\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u7ec4\u5408\u548c\u590d\u5236\uff0c\u8fd0\u7b97\u540e\u4f1a\u751f\u6210\u4e00\u4e2a\u65b0\u7684\u5143\u7ec4\u3002
\nPython \u8868\u8fbe\u5f0f \u7ed3\u679c \u63cf\u8ff0
\nlen((1, 2, 3)) 3 \u8ba1\u7b97\u5143\u7d20\u4e2a\u6570
\n(1, 2, 3) + (4, 5, 6) (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6) \u8fde\u63a5
\n(‘Hi!’,) * 4 (‘Hi!’, ‘Hi!’, ‘Hi!’, ‘Hi!’) \u590d\u5236
\n3 in (1, 2, 3) TRUE \u5143\u7d20\u662f\u5426\u5b58\u5728
\nfor x in (1, 2, 3): print (x,) 1 2 3 \u8fed\u4ee3
\n\u5143\u7ec4\u7d22\u5f15\uff0c\u622a\u53d6
\n\u56e0\u4e3a\u5143\u7ec4\u4e5f\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5e8f\u5217\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u8bbf\u95ee\u5143\u7ec4\u4e2d\u7684\u6307\u5b9a\u4f4d\u7f6e\u7684\u5143\u7d20\uff0c\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u622a\u53d6\u7d22\u5f15\u4e2d\u7684\u4e00\u6bb5\u5143\u7d20\uff0c\u5982\u4e0b\u6240\u793a\uff1a
\nL = (‘Google’, ‘Taobao’, ‘Runoob’)
\nPython \u8868\u8fbe\u5f0f \u7ed3\u679c \u63cf\u8ff0
\nL[2] ‘Runoob’ \u8bfb\u53d6\u7b2c\u4e09\u4e2a\u5143\u7d20
\nL[-2] ‘Taobao’ \u53cd\u5411\u8bfb\u53d6\uff1b\u8bfb\u53d6\u5012\u6570\u7b2c\u4e8c\u4e2a\u5143\u7d20
\nL[1:] (‘Taobao’, ‘Runoob’) \u622a\u53d6\u5143\u7d20\uff0c\u4ece\u7b2c\u4e8c\u4e2a\u5f00\u59cb\u540e\u7684\u6240\u6709\u5143\u7d20\u3002
\n\u5185\u7f6e\u51fd\u6570
\n\u5e8f\u53f7 \u65b9\u6cd5\u53ca\u63cf\u8ff0 \u5b9e\u4f8b
\n1 len(tuple) \u8ba1\u7b97\u5143\u7ec4\u5143\u7d20\u4e2a\u6570\u3002<\/p>\n
>>> tuple1 = ('Google', 'Runoob', 'Taobao')\n>>> len(tuple1)\n3<\/pre>\n
2 max(tuple)<\/p>\n
\u8fd4\u56de\u5143\u7ec4\u4e2d\u5143\u7d20\u6700\u5927\u503c\u3002 >>> tuple2 = (‘5’, ‘4’, ‘8’)
\n>>> max(tuple2)
\n‘8’
\n3 min(tuple)
\n\u8fd4\u56de\u5143\u7ec4\u4e2d\u5143\u7d20\u6700\u5c0f\u503c\u3002 >>> tuple2 = (‘5’, ‘4’, ‘8’)
\n>>> min(tuple2)
\n‘4’
\n4 tuple(seq)
\n\u5c06\u5217\u8868\u8f6c\u6362\u4e3a\u5143\u7ec4\u3002 >>> list1= [‘Google’, ‘Taobao’, ‘Runoob’, ‘Baidu’]
\n>>> tuple1=tuple(list1)
\n>>> tuple1
\n(‘Google’, ‘Taobao’, ‘Runoob’, ‘Baidu’)
\n\u5b57\u5178\uff08Dictionaries\uff09
\n\u5b57\u5178\u662fPython\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u6570\u636e\u7c7b\u578b\uff0c\u5b57\u5178\u662f\u7531\u201c\u952e\u2014\u503c\u201d\u5bf9\u7ec4\u6210\u7684\u96c6\u5408\uff0c\u5b57\u5178\u4e2d\u7684\u201c\u503c\u201d\u901a\u8fc7\u201c\u952e\u201d\u6765\u5f15\u7528\u3002
\n\u5b57\u5178\u4e5f\u79f0\u4e3a\u5173\u8054\u6570\u7ec4\u3001\u6620\u5c04\u6216\u6563\u5217\u8868\u3002
\nPython\u5b57\u5178\u5229\u7528\u4e86\u201c\u6563\u5217\u201d\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u4f7f\u7528\u4e13\u95e8\u7684\u6563\u5217\u51fd\u6570\u5b8c\u6210\uff0c\u5373\u5b57\u5178\u4e2d\u7684\u6bcf\u4e2a\u952e\u90fd\u88ab\u8f6c\u6362\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u6570\u5b57\u2014\u6563\u5217\u503c\u3002\u5b57\u5178\u4e2d\u503c\u5b58\u50a8\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u5e95\u5c42\u5217\u8868\u4e2d\uff0c\u5e76\u7528\u6563\u5217\u503c\u4f5c\u4e3a\u7d22\u5f15\u3002\u8bbf\u95ee\u503c\u65f6\uff0c\u5c06\u63d0\u4f9b\u7684\u952e\u8f6c\u4e3a\u6563\u5217\u503c\uff0c\u518d\u8df3\u5230\u5217\u8868\u7684\u76f8\u5e94\u4f4d\u7f6e\u3002\u4f7f\u7528\u201c\u952e\u201d\u6765\u8bbf\u95ee\u5b57\u5178\u503c\u6548\u7387\u6781\u9ad8\u3002\u53e6\u5916\u4e0e\u5217\u8868\u4e00\u6837\uff0c\u5b57\u5178\u4e5f\u662f\u53ef\u4ee5\u6539\u53d8\u7684\uff1a\u53ef\u4ee5\u6dfb\u52a0\u3001\u5220\u9664\u6216\u4fee\u6539\u201c\u952e\u2014\u503c\u201d\u5bf9\u3002\u521b\u5efa\u5b57\u5178\uff0c\u683c\u5f0f\uff1a
\ndictionary={key1:value1, key2:value2, \u2026, keyn:valuen)}#\u521b\u5efan\u4e2a\u201c\u952e\u2014\u503c\u201d\u5bf9\u7ec4\u6210\u7684\u5b57\u5178
\ndictionar={} #\u521b\u5efa\u7a7a\u5b57\u5178
\n\u6ce8\u610f\uff0c\u5bf9\u4e8e\u5b57\u5178\u7684\u952e\u6709\u4e24\u4e2a\u9650\u5236\uff1a\u5b57\u5178\u4e2d\u7684\u952e\u5fc5\u987b\u72ec\u4e00\u65e0\u4e8c\uff0c\u5373\u5728\u540c\u4e00\u4e2a\u5b57\u5178\u4e2d\uff0c\u4efb\u4f55\u4e24\u4e2a\u952e\u2014\u503c\u5bf9\u90fd\u4e0d\u80fd\u76f8\u540c\uff1b\u952e\u5fc5\u987b\u662f\u4e0d\u53ef\u53d8\u7684\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u5b57\u5178\u952e\u4e0d\u80fd\u662f\u5217\u8868\u3001\u5b57\u5178\uff0c\u5bf9\u503c\u6ca1\u6709\u8fd9\u4e24\u4e2a\u9650\u5236\u3002
\n>>> tel= {‘jack’: 4098, ‘sape’: 4139}
\n>>> tel[‘guido’] = 4127
\n>>> tel
\n{‘sape’: 4139, ‘guido’: 4127, ‘jack’: 4098}
\n\u5b57\u5178\u7684\u8bbf\u95ee\uff1a\u5b57\u5178\u7684\u8bbf\u95ee\u4e0e\u5143\u7ec4\u3001\u5217\u8868\u6709\u6240\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u5143\u7ec4\u548c\u5217\u8868\u662f\u901a\u8fc7\u6570\u5b57\u7d22\u5f15\u83b7\u53d6\u5bf9\u5e94\u7684\u503c\uff0c\u800c\u5b57\u5178\u662f\u901a\u8fc7key\u503c\u83b7\u53d6\u76f8\u5e94\u7684value\u503c\u3002\u683c\u5f0f\uff1a
\nvalue=dict[key]
\n\u8bf4\u660e\uff1a\u5b57\u5178\u7684\u6dfb\u52a0\u3001\u5220\u9664\u548c\u4fee\u6539\u53ea\u9700\u6267\u884c\u4e00\u6761\u8d4b\u503c\u8bed\u53e5\u5373\u53ef\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\uff1adict[\u2019x\u2019]=\u2019value\u2019\uff0c\u5b57\u5178\u6ca1\u6709remove\u64cd\u4f5c\u3002\u5220\u9664\u5b57\u5178\u5143\u7d20\u53ef\u8c03\u7528\u5185\u7f6e\u51fd\u6570del()\u5b8c\u6210\u3002
\ndel dict[‘Name’] # \u5220\u9664\u952e ‘Name’
\ndict.clear() # \u6e05\u7a7a\u5b57\u5178
\ndel dict # \u5220\u9664\u5b57\u5178<\/p>\n
#!\/usr\/bin\/python3\n \ndict = {}\ndict['one'] = \"1 - \u83dc\u9e1f\u6559\u7a0b\"\ndict[2]     = \"2 - \u83dc\u9e1f\u5de5\u5177\"\n \ntinydict = {'name': 'runoob','code':1, 'site': 'www.runoob.com'}\n \nprint (dict['one'])       # \u8f93\u51fa\u952e\u4e3a 'one' \u7684\u503c\nprint (dict[2])           # \u8f93\u51fa\u952e\u4e3a 2 \u7684\u503c\nprint (tinydict)          # \u8f93\u51fa\u5b8c\u6574\u7684\u5b57\u5178\nprint (tinydict.keys())   # \u8f93\u51fa\u6240\u6709\u952e\nprint (tinydict.values()) # \u8f93\u51fa\u6240\u6709\u503c<\/pre>\n
\u6784\u9020\u51fd\u6570 dict() \u53ef\u4ee5\u76f4\u63a5\u4ece\u952e\u503c\u5bf9\u5e8f\u5217\u4e2d\u6784\u5efa\u5b57\u5178\u4ee5\u53ca\u793a\u4f8b\u4e2d\u7684\u5176\u4ed6\u6784\u9020\u65b9\u6cd5\uff1a<\/p>\n
>>>dict([('Runoob', 1), ('Google', 2), ('Taobao', 3)])\n{'Taobao': 3, 'Runoob': 1, 'Google': 2}\n \n>>> {x: x**2 for x in (2, 4, 6)}\n{2: 4, 4: 16, 6: 36}\n \n>>> dict(Runoob=1, Google=2, Taobao=3)\n{'Runoob': 1, 'Google': 2, 'Taobao': 3}<\/pre>\n
\u5b57\u5178\u51fd\u6570
\n\u51fd\u6570\u540d \u8fd4\u56de\u7684\u503c
\nd.item() \u8fd4\u56de\u4e00\u4e2a\u7531\u5b57\u5178d\u7684\u952e\u2014\u503c\u5bf9(key,value)\u7ec4\u6210\u7684\u89c6\u56fe(view)
\nd.keys() \u8fd4\u56de\u4e00\u4e2a\u7531\u5b57\u5178d\u7684\u952e\u7ec4\u6210\u7684\u89c6\u56fe
\nd.value() \u8fd4\u56de\u4e00\u4e2a\u6709\u5b57\u5178d\u7684\u503c\u7ec4\u6210\u7684\u89c6\u56fe
\nd.get(key) \u8fd4\u56de\u4e0ekey\u76f8\u5173\u8054\u7684\u503c
\nd.pop(key) \u5220\u9664\u952ekey\u5e76\u8fd4\u56de\u4e0e\u4e4b\u76f8\u5173\u8054\u7684\u503c
\nd.popitem() \u5220\u9664\u5b57\u5178d\u4e2d\u67d0\u4e2a\u952e\u2014\u503c\u5bf9\u5e76\u8fd4\u56de\u76f8\u5e94\u7684\u952e\u2014\u503c\u5bf9
\nd.clear() \u5220\u9664\u5b57\u5178d\u7684\u6240\u6709\u5143\u7d20
\nd.copy() \u590d\u5236\u5b57\u5178d
\nd.fromkeys(s,t) \u521b\u5efa\u4e00\u4e2a\u65b0\u5b57\u5178\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u7684\u952e\u6765\u81eas\uff0c\u503c\u6765\u81eat
\nd.setdefault(key,v) \u5982\u679c\u952ekey\u5305\u542b\u5728\u5b57\u5178d\u4e2d\uff0c\u5219\u8fd4\u56de\u5176\u503c\uff1b\u5426\u5219\u8fd4\u56dev\u5e76\u5c06(key,v)\u6dfb\u52a0\u5230\u5b57\u5178d\u4e2d
\nd.update(e) \u5c06e\u4e2d\u7684\u952e\u2014\u503c\u5bf9\u6dfb\u52a0\u5230\u5b57\u5178d\u4e2d\uff1be\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u5b57\u5178\uff0c\u4e5f\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u952e\u2014\u503c\u5bf9\u5e8f\u5217
\n\u5185\u7f6e\u51fd\u6570\u4e0e\u65b9\u6cd5
\n\u5e8f\u53f7 \u51fd\u6570\u53ca\u63cf\u8ff0 \u5b9e\u4f8b
\n1 len(dict)
\n\u8ba1\u7b97\u5b57\u5178\u5143\u7d20\u4e2a\u6570\uff0c\u5373\u952e\u7684\u603b\u6570\u3002 >>> dict = {‘Name’: ‘Runoob’, ‘Age’: 7, ‘Class’: ‘First’}
\n>>> len(dict)
\n3
\n2 str(dict)
\n\u8f93\u51fa\u5b57\u5178\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ef\u6253\u5370\u7684\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u8868\u793a\u3002 >>> dict = {‘Name’: ‘Runoob’, ‘Age’: 7, ‘Class’: ‘First’}
\n>>> str(dict)
\n“{‘Name’: ‘Runoob’, ‘Class’: ‘First’, ‘Age’: 7}”
\n3 type(variable)
\n\u8fd4\u56de\u8f93\u5165\u7684\u53d8\u91cf\u7c7b\u578b\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u53d8\u91cf\u662f\u5b57\u5178\u5c31\u8fd4\u56de\u5b57\u5178\u7c7b\u578b\u3002 >>> dict = {‘Name’: ‘Runoob’, ‘Age’: 7, ‘Class’: ‘First’}
\n>>> type(dict)
\n<class ‘dict’>
\n\u5e8f\u53f7 \u51fd\u6570\u53ca\u63cf\u8ff0
\n1 radiansdict.clear()
\n\u5220\u9664\u5b57\u5178\u5185\u6240\u6709\u5143\u7d20
\n2 radiansdict.copy()
\n\u8fd4\u56de\u4e00\u4e2a\u5b57\u5178\u7684\u6d45\u590d\u5236
\n3 radiansdict.fromkeys()
\n\u521b\u5efa\u4e00\u4e2a\u65b0\u5b57\u5178\uff0c\u4ee5\u5e8f\u5217seq\u4e2d\u5143\u7d20\u505a\u5b57\u5178\u7684\u952e\uff0cval\u4e3a\u5b57\u5178\u6240\u6709\u952e\u5bf9\u5e94\u7684\u521d\u59cb\u503c
\n4 radiansdict.get(key, default=None)
\n\u8fd4\u56de\u6307\u5b9a\u952e\u7684\u503c\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u503c\u4e0d\u5728\u5b57\u5178\u4e2d\u8fd4\u56dedefault\u503c
\n5 key in dict
\n\u5982\u679c\u952e\u5728\u5b57\u5178dict\u91cc\u8fd4\u56detrue\uff0c\u5426\u5219\u8fd4\u56defalse
\n6 radiansdict.items()
\n\u4ee5\u5217\u8868\u8fd4\u56de\u53ef\u904d\u5386\u7684(\u952e, \u503c) \u5143\u7ec4\u6570\u7ec4
\n7 radiansdict.keys()
\n\u8fd4\u56de\u4e00\u4e2a\u8fed\u4ee3\u5668\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528 list() \u6765\u8f6c\u6362\u4e3a\u5217\u8868
\n8 radiansdict.setdefault(key, default=None)
\n\u548cget()\u7c7b\u4f3c, \u4f46\u5982\u679c\u952e\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\u4e8e\u5b57\u5178\u4e2d\uff0c\u5c06\u4f1a\u6dfb\u52a0\u952e\u5e76\u5c06\u503c\u8bbe\u4e3adefault
\n9 radiansdict.update(dict2)
\n\u628a\u5b57\u5178dict2\u7684\u952e\/\u503c\u5bf9\u66f4\u65b0\u5230dict\u91cc
\n10 radiansdict.values()
\n\u8fd4\u56de\u4e00\u4e2a\u8fed\u4ee3\u5668\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528 list() \u6765\u8f6c\u6362\u4e3a\u5217\u8868
\n11 pop(key[,default])
\n\u5220\u9664\u5b57\u5178\u7ed9\u5b9a\u952e key \u6240\u5bf9\u5e94\u7684\u503c\uff0c\u8fd4\u56de\u503c\u4e3a\u88ab\u5220\u9664\u7684\u503c\u3002key\u503c\u5fc5\u987b\u7ed9\u51fa\u3002 \u5426\u5219\uff0c\u8fd4\u56dedefault\u503c\u3002
\n12 popitem()
\n\u968f\u673a\u8fd4\u56de\u5e76\u5220\u9664\u5b57\u5178\u4e2d\u7684\u4e00\u5bf9\u952e\u548c\u503c(\u4e00\u822c\u5220\u9664\u672b\u5c3e\u5bf9)\u3002
\n\u5e8f\u5217\uff08Sequence\uff09
\n\u5e8f\u5217\u5305\u62ecstring\uff0clist\uff0ctuple\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u90fd\u6709\u4e00\u4e9b\u901a\u7528\u7684\u64cd\u4f5c\u3002
\nin \u5224\u65ad\u67d0\u4e2aobject\u662f\u4e0d\u662f\u5728\u4e00\u4e2asequence\u4e2d\uff1b
\nlen(seq)\u5f97\u5230sequence\u7684\u957f\u5ea6\uff1b
\n\u901a\u8fc7\u4e0b\u6807\u83b7\u53d6\u5176\u4e2d\u7684\u5143\u7d20\uff0cseq[i]\uff1b
\n\u901a\u8fc7\u5e26\u5192\u53f7\u7684\u4e0b\u6807\u83b7\u53d6\u5b50sequence\uff0cseq[start:end]\uff1b
\n\u7528+\u8868\u793a\u8fde\u63a5\u4e24\u4e2asequence\uff1b
\n\u7528*\u8868\u793a\u91cd\u590d\u4e00\u4e2asequence\uff0c\u201ca\u201d*3\u8868\u793a\u201caaa\u201d
\n\u96c6\u5408
\n\u5728Python\u4e2d\uff0c\u96c6\u5408\u662f\u4e00\u7cfb\u5217\u4e0d\u91cd\u590d\u7684\u5143\u7d20\u3002\u96c6\u5408\u7c7b\u4f3c\u4e8e\u5b57\u5178\uff0c\u4f46\u53ea\u5305\u542b\u952e\uff0c\u800c\u6ca1\u6709\u76f8\u5173\u8054\u7684\u503c\u3002\u5728Python\u4e2d\uff0c\u96c6\u5408\u662f\u76f8\u5bf9\u8f83\u65b0\u7684\u529f\u80fd\uff0c\u5728\u5176\u8fd8\u4e0d\u652f\u6301\u96c6\u5408\u65f6\uff0c\u4e00\u822c\u4f7f\u7528\u5b57\u5178\u6a21\u62df\u96c6\u5408\u3002\u96c6\u5408\u5206\u4e24\u7c7b\uff1a\u53ef\u53d8\u96c6\u5408\uff08set\uff09\u548c\u4e0d\u53ef\u53d8\u96c6\u5408\uff08frozenset\uff09\u3002\u5bf9\u4e8e\u53ef\u53d8\u96c6\u5408\uff0c\u53ef\u6dfb\u52a0\u548c\u5220\u9664\u5143\u7d20\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u53ef\u53d8\u96c6\u5408\u4e00\u65e6\u521b\u5efa\u5c31\u4e0d\u80fd\u66f4\u6539\u3002\u4e0e\u5b57\u5178\u4e00\u6837\uff0c\u96c6\u5408\u7684\u5143\u7d20\u6392\u5217\u987a\u5e8f\u4e5f\u662f\u4e0d\u786e\u5b9a\u7684\u3002\u96c6\u5408\u6ca1\u6709\u5217\u8868\u548c\u5b57\u5178\u7528\u5f97\u591a\uff0c\u672c\u7ae0\u7b80\u8981\u4ecb\u7ecd\uff0c\u8be6\u7ec6\u5185\u5bb9\u53ef\u53c2\u9605\uff1ahttps:\/\/docs.python.org\/3\/library\/stdtypes.html#set
\n\u96c6\u5408\u57fa\u672c\u529f\u80fd\uff1a\u5305\u62ec\u5173\u7cfb\u6d4b\u8bd5\u548c\u6d88\u9664\u91cd\u590d\u5143\u7d20\u3002\u96c6\u5408\u5bf9\u8c61\u8fd8\u652f\u6301union\uff08\u8054\u5408\uff09\uff0cintersection\uff08\u4ea4\uff09\uff0cdifference\uff08\u5dee\uff09\u548c sysmmetric difference\uff08\u5bf9\u79f0\u5dee\u96c6\uff0c\u5373\u5f02\u6216\uff09\u7b49\u6570\u5b66\u8fd0\u7b97\u3002\u5927\u62ec\u53f7\u6216set()\u51fd\u6570\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528\u6765\u521b\u5efa\u96c6\u5408\u3002\u6ce8\u610f\uff1a\u60f3\u8981\u521b\u5efa\u7a7a\u96c6\u5408\uff0c\u5fc5\u987b\u4f7f\u7528set() \u800c\u4e0d\u662f\uff5b\uff5d\u3002<\/p>\n
#!\/usr\/bin\/python3\n \nstudent = {'Tom', 'Jim', 'Mary', 'Tom', 'Jack', 'Rose'}\n \nprint(student)   # \u8f93\u51fa\u96c6\u5408\uff0c\u91cd\u590d\u7684\u5143\u7d20\u88ab\u81ea\u52a8\u53bb\u6389<\/pre>\n
\u6210\u5458\u6d4b\u8bd5<\/p>\n
if 'Rose' in student :\n    print('Rose \u5728\u96c6\u5408\u4e2d')\nelse :\n    print('Rose \u4e0d\u5728\u96c6\u5408\u4e2d')\n \n# set\u53ef\u4ee5\u8fdb\u884c\u96c6\u5408\u8fd0\u7b97\na = set('abracadabra')\nb = set('alacazam')\n \nprint(a)\nprint(a - b)     # a \u548c b \u7684\u5dee\u96c6\nprint(a | b)     # a \u548c b \u7684\u5e76\u96c6\nprint(a & b)     # a \u548c b \u7684\u4ea4\u96c6\nprint(a ^ b)     # a \u548c b \u4e2d\u4e0d\u540c\u65f6\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u5143\u7d20<\/pre>\n
\u6dfb\u52a0\u5143\u7d20<\/p>\n
s.add( x )<\/p>\n
>>>thisset = set((\"Google\", \"Runoob\", \"Taobao\"))\n>>> thisset.add(\"Facebook\")\n>>> print(thisset)\n{'Taobao', 'Facebook', 'Google', 'Runoob'}<\/pre>\n
\u8fd8\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u6dfb\u52a0\u5143\u7d20\uff0c\u4e14\u53c2\u6570\u53ef\u4ee5\u662f\u5217\u8868\uff0c\u5143\u7ec4\uff0c\u5b57\u5178\u7b49\uff0c\u8bed\u6cd5\u683c\u5f0f\u5982\u4e0b\uff1a<\/p>\n
s.update( x )
\nx \u53ef\u4ee5\u6709\u591a\u4e2a\uff0c\u7528\u9017\u53f7\u5206\u5f00\u3002<\/p>\n
>>>thisset = set((\"Google\", \"Runoob\", \"Taobao\"))\n>>> thisset.update({1,3})\n>>> print(thisset)\n{1, 3, 'Google', 'Taobao', 'Runoob'}\n>>> thisset.update([1,4],[5,6])  \n>>> print(thisset)\n{1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 'Google', 'Taobao', 'Runoob'}<\/pre>\n
\u79fb\u9664\u5143\u7d20
\n\u8bed\u6cd5\u683c\u5f0f\u5982\u4e0b\uff1a
\ns.remove( x )
\n\u5c06\u5143\u7d20 x \u4ece\u96c6\u5408 s \u4e2d\u79fb\u9664\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u5143\u7d20\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u5219\u4f1a\u53d1\u751f\u9519\u8bef\u3002<\/p>\n
>>>thisset = set((\"Google\", \"Runoob\", \"Taobao\"))\n>>> thisset.remove(\"Taobao\")\n>>> print(thisset)\n{'Google', 'Runoob'}\n>>> thisset.remove(\"Facebook\")   # \u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\u4f1a\u53d1\u751f\u9519\u8bef\nTraceback (most recent call last):\n  File \"<stdin>\", line 1, in <module>\nKeyError: 'Facebook'<\/pre>\n
\u6b64\u5916\u8fd8\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u65b9\u6cd5\u4e5f\u662f\u79fb\u9664\u96c6\u5408\u4e2d\u7684\u5143\u7d20\uff0c\u4e14\u5982\u679c\u5143\u7d20\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u4e0d\u4f1a\u53d1\u751f\u9519\u8bef\u3002\u683c\u5f0f\u5982\u4e0b\u6240\u793a\uff1a
\ns.discard( x )<\/p>\n
>>>thisset = set((\"Google\", \"Runoob\", \"Taobao\"))\n>>> thisset.discard(\"Facebook\")  # \u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\u4e0d\u4f1a\u53d1\u751f\u9519\u8bef\n>>> print(thisset)\n{'Taobao', 'Google', 'Runoob'}<\/pre>\n
\u6211\u4eec\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u8bbe\u7f6e\u968f\u673a\u5220\u9664\u96c6\u5408\u4e2d\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u5143\u7d20\uff0c\u8bed\u6cd5\u683c\u5f0f\u5982\u4e0b\uff1a
\ns.pop()<\/p>\n
thisset = set((\"Google\", \"Runoob\", \"Taobao\", \"Facebook\"))\nx = thisset.pop()\nprint(x)<\/pre>\n
\u8f93\u51fa\u7ed3\u679c\uff1a
\n$ python3 test.py
\nRunoob
\n\u591a\u6b21\u6267\u884c\u6d4b\u8bd5\u7ed3\u679c\u90fd\u4e0d\u4e00\u6837\u3002
\n\u7136\u800c\u5728\u4ea4\u4e92\u6a21\u5f0f\uff0cpop \u662f\u5220\u9664\u96c6\u5408\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u5143\u7d20\uff08\u6392\u5e8f\u540e\u7684\u96c6\u5408\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u5143\u7d20\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n
>>>thisset = set((\"Google\", \"Runoob\", \"Taobao\", \"Facebook\"))\n>>> thisset.pop()\n'Facebook'\n>>> print(thisset)\n{'Google', 'Taobao', 'Runoob'}<\/pre>\n
\u8ba1\u7b97\u96c6\u5408\u5143\u7d20\u4e2a\u6570
\n\u8bed\u6cd5\u683c\u5f0f\u5982\u4e0b\uff1a
\nlen(s)
\n\u8ba1\u7b97\u96c6\u5408 s \u5143\u7d20\u4e2a\u6570\u3002<\/p>\n
>>>thisset = set((\"Google\", \"Runoob\", \"Taobao\"))\n>>> len(thisset)\n3<\/pre>\n
\u6e05\u7a7a\u96c6\u5408
\n\u8bed\u6cd5\u683c\u5f0f\u5982\u4e0b\uff1a
\ns.clear()<\/p>\n
>>>thisset = set((\"Google\", \"Runoob\", \"Taobao\"))\n>>> thisset.clear()\n>>> print(thisset)\nset()<\/pre>\n
\u5224\u65ad\u5143\u7d20\u662f\u5426\u5728\u96c6\u5408\u4e2d\u5b58\u5728
\n\u8bed\u6cd5\u683c\u5f0f\u5982\u4e0b\uff1a<\/p>\n
x in s
\n\u5224\u65ad\u5143\u7d20 x \u662f\u5426\u5728\u96c6\u5408 s \u4e2d\uff0c\u5b58\u5728\u8fd4\u56de True\uff0c\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\u8fd4\u56de False\u3002<\/p>\n
>>>thisset = set((\"Google\", \"Runoob\", \"Taobao\"))\n>>> \"Runoob\" in thisset\nTrue\n>>> \"Facebook\" in thisset\nFalse<\/pre>\n
\u96c6\u5408\u5185\u7f6e\u65b9\u6cd5
\n\u65b9\u6cd5 \u63cf\u8ff0
\nadd() \u4e3a\u96c6\u5408\u6dfb\u52a0\u5143\u7d20
\nclear() \u79fb\u9664\u96c6\u5408\u4e2d\u7684\u6240\u6709\u5143\u7d20
\ncopy() \u62f7\u8d1d\u4e00\u4e2a\u96c6\u5408
\ndifference() \u8fd4\u56de\u591a\u4e2a\u96c6\u5408\u7684\u5dee\u96c6
\ndifference_update() \u79fb\u9664\u96c6\u5408\u4e2d\u7684\u5143\u7d20\uff0c\u8be5\u5143\u7d20\u5728\u6307\u5b9a\u7684\u96c6\u5408\u4e5f\u5b58\u5728\u3002
\ndiscard() \u5220\u9664\u96c6\u5408\u4e2d\u6307\u5b9a\u7684\u5143\u7d20
\nintersection() \u8fd4\u56de\u96c6\u5408\u7684\u4ea4\u96c6
\nintersection_update() \u8fd4\u56de\u96c6\u5408\u7684\u4ea4\u96c6\u3002
\nisdisjoint() \u5224\u65ad\u4e24\u4e2a\u96c6\u5408\u662f\u5426\u5305\u542b\u76f8\u540c\u7684\u5143\u7d20\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u6ca1\u6709\u8fd4\u56de True\uff0c\u5426\u5219\u8fd4\u56de False\u3002
\nissubset() \u5224\u65ad\u6307\u5b9a\u96c6\u5408\u662f\u5426\u4e3a\u8be5\u65b9\u6cd5\u53c2\u6570\u96c6\u5408\u7684\u5b50\u96c6\u3002
\nissuperset() \u5224\u65ad\u8be5\u65b9\u6cd5\u7684\u53c2\u6570\u96c6\u5408\u662f\u5426\u4e3a\u6307\u5b9a\u96c6\u5408\u7684\u5b50\u96c6
\npop() \u968f\u673a\u79fb\u9664\u5143\u7d20
\nremove() \u79fb\u9664\u6307\u5b9a\u5143\u7d20
\nsymmetric_difference() \u8fd4\u56de\u4e24\u4e2a\u96c6\u5408\u4e2d\u4e0d\u91cd\u590d\u7684\u5143\u7d20\u96c6\u5408\u3002
\nsymmetric_difference_update() \u79fb\u9664\u5f53\u524d\u96c6\u5408\u4e2d\u5728\u53e6\u5916\u4e00\u4e2a\u6307\u5b9a\u96c6\u5408\u76f8\u540c\u7684\u5143\u7d20\uff0c\u5e76\u5c06\u53e6\u5916\u4e00\u4e2a\u6307\u5b9a\u96c6\u5408\u4e2d\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u5143\u7d20\u63d2\u5165\u5230\u5f53\u524d\u96c6\u5408\u4e2d\u3002
\nunion() \u8fd4\u56de\u4e24\u4e2a\u96c6\u5408\u7684\u5e76\u96c6
\nupdate() \u7ed9\u96c6\u5408\u6dfb\u52a0\u5143\u7d20
\n\u7a0b\u5e8f\u6d41\u7a0b
\nif\u8bed\u53e5\u2014\u2014\u8bed\u6cd5\u683c\u5f0f<\/p>\n
if<expr1>: <one_line_statement>\n$$$\nif <expr1>:\n    <statement-block>\n$$$\nif <expr1>:\n    <statement-block>\nelse:\n    <statement-block>\n$$$\nif <expr1>:\n    <statement-block>\n    elif<expr2>:\n        <statement-block>\n    elif<expr3>:\n        <statement-block>\n...\n    else:\n        <statement-block><\/pre>\n
\u5d4c\u5957\u7ed3\u6784<\/p>\n
if \u8868\u8fbe\u5f0f1:\n    \u8bed\u53e5\n    if \u8868\u8fbe\u5f0f2:\n        \u8bed\u53e5\n    elif \u8868\u8fbe\u5f0f3:\n        \u8bed\u53e5\n    else:\n        \u8bed\u53e5\nelif \u8868\u8fbe\u5f0f4:\n    \u8bed\u53e5\nelse:\n    \u8bed\u53e5<\/pre>\n
\u4f7f\u7528\u8bf4\u660e
\nif\u540e\u9762\u7684\u8868\u8fbe\u5f0f\u53ef\u4ee5\u662f\u4efb\u4f55\u8868\u8fbe\u5f0f\uff0c\u9664\u4e86None\uff0c0\uff0c\u201c\u201d(\u7a7a\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32)\uff0c[](\u7a7alist)\uff0c{}(\u7a7aDictionary)\uff0c()(\u7a7aTuple)\u4ee5\u5916\uff0c\u5176\u4ed6\u90fd\u662f\u771f\u3002
\n\u8868\u8fbe\u5f0f\u4ee5\u5192\u53f7\u5206\u5272\u3002
\n\u82e5\u662f\u4e00\u884c\u7684\u7b80\u5355\u8868\u8fbe\u5f0f\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u76f4\u63a5\u8ddf\u5728\u5192\u53f7\u540e\u9762\u3002
\n\u82e5\u662f\u591a\u884c\u7684\u8868\u8fbe\u5f0f\uff0c\u5c31\u8981\u4f7f\u7528\u7f29\u8fdb\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u8868\u793a\u4e00\u7ec4\u8bed\u53e5\u3002python\u8ba4\u4e3a\u540c\u6837\u7f29\u8fdb\u957f\u5ea6\u7684\u8bed\u53e5\u662f\u4e00\u7ec4\u3002
\npython\u4e2d\u6ca1\u6709switch\u8bed\u53e5\uff0c\u4f7f\u7528elif\u6765\u5b8c\u6210\u8fd9\u4e2a\u529f\u80fd\u3002
\nelse\u8868\u793a\u6761\u4ef6\u4e0d\u6ee1\u8db3\u65f6\u5e94\u8be5\u6267\u884c\u7684\u8bed\u53e5\uff0c\u522b\u5fd8\u4e86\u540e\u9762\u7684\u5192\u53f7\u3002
\nfor\u5faa\u73af\u8bed\u53e5\u2014\u2014\u8bed\u6cd5\u683c\u5f0f<\/p>\n
for x in <sequence>:\n<statement-block>\nelse:\n<else-block><\/pre>\n
\u4f7f\u7528\u8bf4\u660e
\nsequence\u8868\u793a\u4efb\u4f55string\uff0ctuple\uff0cdictionary\u3002
\nbreak\u8bed\u53e5\u53ef\u4ee5\u5f3a\u5236\u9000\u51fa\u5faa\u73af\u3002
\ncontinue\u8bed\u53e5\u53ef\u4ee5\u7ee7\u7eed\u6267\u884c\u4e0b\u4e00\u6b21\u5faa\u73af\u3002
\nelse\u8bed\u53e5\u662f\u53ef\u6709\u53ef\u65e0\u7684\u3002\u82e5\u6709\uff0c\u5219\u8868\u793a\u5982\u679c\u6bcf\u4e2a\u5e8f\u5217\u4e2d\u7684\u5143\u7d20\u90fd\u5faa\u73af\u5230\u4e86\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u5c31\u6267\u884celse-block\u3002
\nelse\u8bed\u53e5\u53ef\u4ee5\u7406\u89e3\u4e3a\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u5faa\u73af\u6ca1\u6709\u88abbreak\u8bed\u53e5\u5f3a\u884c\u4e2d\u65ad\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u8bf4\u5faa\u73af\u6b63\u5e38\u7ed3\u675f\u540e\uff0c\u5c31\u4f1a\u6267\u884celse\u4e2d\u7684\u8bed\u53e5\u3002
\nwhile\u5faa\u73af\u8bed\u53e5\u2014\u2014\u8bed\u6cd5\u683c\u5f0f<\/p>\n
while <expr1>:\n<block>\nelse:\n<else-block><\/pre>\n
\u4f7f\u7528\u8bf4\u660e
\n\u53ea\u8981expr1\u662f\u771f\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u5c31\u4e00\u76f4\u6267\u884cblock\u4e2d\u7684\u8bed\u53e5\u3002
\n\u5982\u679c\u6ca1\u6709break\u8df3\u51fa\u5faa\u73af\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662fexpr1\u4e3a\u5047\u7684\u65f6\u5019\uff0c\u6267\u884celse block\u4e2d\u7684\u8bed\u53e5\u3002
\nbreak\u548ccontinue \u8bed\u53e5
\n\u4ee5\u53ca\u5faa\u73af\u4e2d\u7684else \u5b50\u53e5
\nbreak\u8bed\u53e5\u548cC\u4e2d\u7684\u7c7b\u4f3c\uff0c\u7528\u4e8e\u8df3\u51fa\u6700\u8fd1\u7684\u4e00\u7ea7for\u6216while\u5faa\u73af\u3002continue \u8bed\u53e5\u662f\u4eceC\u4e2d\u501f\u9274\u6765\u7684\uff0c\u5b83\u8868\u793a\u5faa\u73af\u7ee7\u7eed\u6267\u884c\u4e0b\u4e00\u6b21\u8fed\u4ee3\u3002\u5faa\u73af\u53ef\u4ee5\u6709\u4e00\u4e2aelse\u5b50\u53e5;\u5b83\u5728\u5faa\u73af\u8fed\u4ee3\u5b8c\u6574\u4e2a\u5217\u8868\uff08\u5bf9\u4e8efor\uff09\u6216\u6267\u884c\u6761\u4ef6\u4e3afalse\uff08\u5bf9\u4e8ewhile\uff09\u65f6\u6267\u884c\uff0c\u4f46\u5faa\u73af\u88abbreak\u4e2d\u6b62\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u4e0d\u4f1a\u6267\u884c\u3002
\nbreak \u8bed\u53e5\u53ef\u4ee5\u8df3\u51fa for \u548c while \u7684\u5faa\u73af\u4f53\u3002\u5982\u679c\u4f60\u4ece for \u6216 while \u5faa\u73af\u4e2d\u7ec8\u6b62\uff0c\u4efb\u4f55\u5bf9\u5e94\u7684\u5faa\u73af else \u5757\u5c06\u4e0d\u6267\u884c\u3002\u5b9e\u4f8b\u5982\u4e0b\uff1a<\/p>\n
#!\/usr\/bin\/python3\n \nfor letter in 'Runoob':     # \u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u5b9e\u4f8b\n   if letter == 'b':\n      break\n   print ('\u5f53\u524d\u5b57\u6bcd\u4e3a :', letter)\n  \nvar = 10                    # \u7b2c\u4e8c\u4e2a\u5b9e\u4f8b\nwhile var > 0:              \n   print ('\u5f53\u671f\u53d8\u91cf\u503c\u4e3a :', var)\n   var = var -1\n   if var == 5:\n      break\n \nprint (\"Good bye!\")<\/pre>\n
\u6267\u884c\u4ee5\u4e0a\u811a\u672c\u8f93\u51fa\u7ed3\u679c\u4e3a\uff1a
\n\u5f53\u524d\u5b57\u6bcd\u4e3a : R
\n\u5f53\u524d\u5b57\u6bcd\u4e3a : u
\n\u5f53\u524d\u5b57\u6bcd\u4e3a : n
\n\u5f53\u524d\u5b57\u6bcd\u4e3a : o
\n\u5f53\u524d\u5b57\u6bcd\u4e3a : o
\n\u5f53\u671f\u53d8\u91cf\u503c\u4e3a : 10
\n\u5f53\u671f\u53d8\u91cf\u503c\u4e3a : 9
\n\u5f53\u671f\u53d8\u91cf\u503c\u4e3a : 8
\n\u5f53\u671f\u53d8\u91cf\u503c\u4e3a : 7
\n\u5f53\u671f\u53d8\u91cf\u503c\u4e3a : 6
\nGood bye!
\ncontinue\u8bed\u53e5\u88ab\u7528\u6765\u544a\u8bc9Python\u8df3\u8fc7\u5f53\u524d\u5faa\u73af\u5757\u4e2d\u7684\u5269\u4f59\u8bed\u53e5\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u7ee7\u7eed\u8fdb\u884c\u4e0b\u4e00\u8f6e\u5faa\u73af\u3002<\/p>\n
#!\/usr\/bin\/python3\n \nfor letter in 'Runoob':     # \u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u5b9e\u4f8b\n   if letter == 'o':        # \u5b57\u6bcd\u4e3a o \u65f6\u8df3\u8fc7\u8f93\u51fa\n      continue\n   print ('\u5f53\u524d\u5b57\u6bcd :', letter)\n \nvar = 10                    # \u7b2c\u4e8c\u4e2a\u5b9e\u4f8b\nwhile var > 0:              \n   var = var -1\n   if var == 5:             # \u53d8\u91cf\u4e3a 5 \u65f6\u8df3\u8fc7\u8f93\u51fa\n      continue\n   print ('\u5f53\u524d\u53d8\u91cf\u503c :', var)\nprint (\"Good bye!\")<\/pre>\n
\u6267\u884c\u4ee5\u4e0a\u811a\u672c\u8f93\u51fa\u7ed3\u679c\u4e3a\uff1a
\n\u5f53\u524d\u5b57\u6bcd : R
\n\u5f53\u524d\u5b57\u6bcd : u
\n\u5f53\u524d\u5b57\u6bcd : n
\n\u5f53\u524d\u5b57\u6bcd : b
\n\u5f53\u524d\u53d8\u91cf\u503c : 9
\n\u5f53\u524d\u53d8\u91cf\u503c : 8
\n\u5f53\u524d\u53d8\u91cf\u503c : 7
\n\u5f53\u524d\u53d8\u91cf\u503c : 6
\n\u5f53\u524d\u53d8\u91cf\u503c : 4
\n\u5f53\u524d\u53d8\u91cf\u503c : 3
\n\u5f53\u524d\u53d8\u91cf\u503c : 2
\n\u5f53\u524d\u53d8\u91cf\u503c : 1
\n\u5f53\u524d\u53d8\u91cf\u503c : 0
\nGood bye!
\n\u5faa\u73af\u8bed\u53e5\u53ef\u4ee5\u6709 else \u5b50\u53e5\uff0c\u5b83\u5728\u7a77\u5c3d\u5217\u8868(\u4ee5for\u5faa\u73af)\u6216\u6761\u4ef6\u53d8\u4e3a false(\u4ee5while\u5faa\u73af)\u5bfc\u81f4\u5faa\u73af\u7ec8\u6b62\u65f6\u88ab\u6267\u884c,\u4f46\u5faa\u73af\u88abbreak\u7ec8\u6b62\u65f6\u4e0d\u6267\u884c\u3002\u5982\u4e0b\u5b9e\u4f8b\u7528\u4e8e\u67e5\u8be2\u8d28\u6570\u7684\u5faa\u73af\u4f8b\u5b50:<\/p>\n
#!\/usr\/bin\/python3\n \nfor n in range(2, 10):\n    for x in range(2, n):\n        if n % x == 0:\n            print(n, '\u7b49\u4e8e', x, '*', n\/\/x)\n            break\n    else:\n        # \u5faa\u73af\u4e2d\u6ca1\u6709\u627e\u5230\u5143\u7d20\n        print(n, ' \u662f\u8d28\u6570')<\/pre>\n
 <\/p>\n
\u6267\u884c\u4ee5\u4e0a\u811a\u672c\u8f93\u51fa\u7ed3\u679c\u4e3a\uff1a
\n2 \u662f\u8d28\u6570
\n3 \u662f\u8d28\u6570
\n4 \u7b49\u4e8e 2 * 2
\n5 \u662f\u8d28\u6570
\n6 \u7b49\u4e8e 2 * 3
\n7 \u662f\u8d28\u6570
\n8 \u7b49\u4e8e 2 * 4
\n9 \u7b49\u4e8e 3 * 3
\npass\u8bed\u53e5
\nPython pass\u662f\u7a7a\u8bed\u53e5\uff0c\u5b83\u7528\u4e8e\u90a3\u4e9b\u8bed\u6cd5\u4e0a\u5fc5\u987b\u8981\u6709\u4ec0\u4e48\u8bed\u53e5\uff0c\u4f46\u7a0b\u5e8f\u4e0a\u4ec0\u4e48\u4e5f\u4e0d\u8981\u505a\u7684\u573a\u5408\uff0c\u662f\u4e3a\u4e86\u4fdd\u6301\u7a0b\u5e8f\u7ed3\u6784\u7684\u5b8c\u6574\u6027\u3002pass\u4e0d\u505a\u4efb\u4f55\u4e8b\u60c5\uff0c\u4e00\u822c\u7528\u505a\u5360\u4f4d\u8bed\u53e5\uff0c\u5982\u4e0b\u5b9e\u4f8b\uff1a<\/p>\n
>>>while True:\n...     pass  # \u7b49\u5f85\u952e\u76d8\u4e2d\u65ad (Ctrl+C)\n$$$\n>>> while True:\n... pass # Busy-wait for keyboard interrupt...\n\u6700\u5c0f\u7684\u7c7b:\n>>>class MyEmptyClass:\n...     pass<\/pre>\n
\u4ee5\u4e0b\u5b9e\u4f8b\u5728\u5b57\u6bcd\u4e3a o \u65f6 \u6267\u884c pass \u8bed\u53e5\u5757:<\/p>\n
#!\/usr\/bin\/python3\n \nfor letter in 'Runoob': \n   if letter == 'o':\n      pass\n      print ('\u6267\u884c pass \u5757')\n   print ('\u5f53\u524d\u5b57\u6bcd :', letter)\n \nprint (\"Good bye!\")<\/pre>\n
\u6267\u884c\u4ee5\u4e0a\u811a\u672c\u8f93\u51fa\u7ed3\u679c\u4e3a\uff1a
\n\u5f53\u524d\u5b57\u6bcd : R
\n\u5f53\u524d\u5b57\u6bcd : u
\n\u5f53\u524d\u5b57\u6bcd : n
\n\u6267\u884c pass \u5757
\n\u5f53\u524d\u5b57\u6bcd : o
\n\u6267\u884c pass \u5757
\n\u5f53\u524d\u5b57\u6bcd : o
\n\u5f53\u524d\u5b57\u6bcd : b
\nGood bye!
\n\u8fed\u4ee3\u5668\u4e0e\u751f\u6210\u5668
\n\u8fed\u4ee3\u5668
\n\u8fed\u4ee3\u662fPython\u6700\u5f3a\u5927\u7684\u529f\u80fd\u4e4b\u4e00\uff0c\u662f\u8bbf\u95ee\u96c6\u5408\u5143\u7d20\u7684\u4e00\u79cd\u65b9\u5f0f\u3002\u8fed\u4ee3\u5668\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u53ef\u4ee5\u8bb0\u4f4f\u904d\u5386\u7684\u4f4d\u7f6e\u7684\u5bf9\u8c61\u3002\u8fed\u4ee3\u5668\u5bf9\u8c61\u4ece\u96c6\u5408\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u5143\u7d20\u5f00\u59cb\u8bbf\u95ee\uff0c\u76f4\u5230\u6240\u6709\u7684\u5143\u7d20\u88ab\u8bbf\u95ee\u5b8c\u7ed3\u675f\u3002\u8fed\u4ee3\u5668\u53ea\u80fd\u5f80\u524d\u4e0d\u4f1a\u540e\u9000\u3002\u8fed\u4ee3\u5668\u6709\u4e24\u4e2a\u57fa\u672c\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\uff1aiter() \u548c next()\u3002\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\uff0c\u5217\u8868\u6216\u5143\u7ec4\u5bf9\u8c61\u90fd\u53ef\u7528\u4e8e\u521b\u5efa\u8fed\u4ee3\u5668\uff1a
\n\u5b9e\u4f8b(Python 3.0+)<\/p>\n
>>> list=[1,2,3,4]\n>>> it = iter(list)    # \u521b\u5efa\u8fed\u4ee3\u5668\u5bf9\u8c61\n>>> print (next(it))   # \u8f93\u51fa\u8fed\u4ee3\u5668\u7684\u4e0b\u4e00\u4e2a\u5143\u7d20\n1\n>>> print (next(it))\n2\n>>><\/pre>\n
\u8fed\u4ee3\u5668\u5bf9\u8c61\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528\u5e38\u89c4for\u8bed\u53e5\u8fdb\u884c\u904d\u5386\uff1a<\/p>\n
\u5b9e\u4f8b(Python 3.0+)<\/p>\n
#!\/usr\/bin\/python3\n \nlist=[1,2,3,4]\nit = iter(list)    # \u521b\u5efa\u8fed\u4ee3\u5668\u5bf9\u8c61\nfor x in it:\n    print (x, end=\" \")<\/pre>\n
\u6267\u884c\u4ee5\u4e0a\u7a0b\u5e8f\uff0c\u8f93\u51fa\u7ed3\u679c\u5982\u4e0b\uff1a
\n1 2 3 4
\n\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528 next() \u51fd\u6570\uff1a
\n\u5b9e\u4f8b(Python 3.0+)<\/p>\n
#!\/usr\/bin\/python3<\/p>\n
import sys # \u5f15\u5165 sys \u6a21\u5757<\/p>\n
list=[1,2,3,4]
\nit = iter(list) # \u521b\u5efa\u8fed\u4ee3\u5668\u5bf9\u8c61<\/p>\n
while True:
\ntry:
\nprint (next(it))
\nexcept StopIteration:
\nsys.exit()<\/p>\n
\u6267\u884c\u4ee5\u4e0a\u7a0b\u5e8f\uff0c\u8f93\u51fa\u7ed3\u679c\u5982\u4e0b\uff1a
\n1
\n2
\n3
\n4
\n\u521b\u5efa\u4e00\u4e2a\u8fed\u4ee3\u5668
\n\u628a\u4e00\u4e2a\u7c7b\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u8fed\u4ee3\u5668\u4f7f\u7528\u9700\u8981\u5728\u7c7b\u4e2d\u5b9e\u73b0\u4e24\u4e2a\u65b9\u6cd5 __iter__() \u4e0e __next__() \u3002\u5982\u679c\u4f60\u5df2\u7ecf\u4e86\u89e3\u9762\u5411\u5bf9\u8c61\u7f16\u7a0b\uff0c\u5c31\u77e5\u9053\u7c7b\u90fd\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u6784\u9020\u51fd\u6570\uff0cPython \u7684\u6784\u9020\u51fd\u6570\u4e3a __init__(), \u5b83\u4f1a\u5728\u5bf9\u8c61\u521d\u59cb\u5316\u7684\u65f6\u5019\u6267\u884c\u3002\u66f4\u591a\u5185\u5bb9\u67e5\u9605\uff1aPython3 \u9762\u5411\u5bf9\u8c61
\n__iter__() \u65b9\u6cd5\u8fd4\u56de\u4e00\u4e2a\u7279\u6b8a\u7684\u8fed\u4ee3\u5668\u5bf9\u8c61\uff0c \u8fd9\u4e2a\u8fed\u4ee3\u5668\u5bf9\u8c61\u5b9e\u73b0\u4e86 __next__() \u65b9\u6cd5\u5e76\u901a\u8fc7 StopIteration \u5f02\u5e38\u6807\u8bc6\u8fed\u4ee3\u7684\u5b8c\u6210\u3002
\n__next__() \u65b9\u6cd5\uff08Python 2 \u91cc\u662f next()\uff09\u4f1a\u8fd4\u56de\u4e0b\u4e00\u4e2a\u8fed\u4ee3\u5668\u5bf9\u8c61\u3002
\n\u521b\u5efa\u4e00\u4e2a\u8fd4\u56de\u6570\u5b57\u7684\u8fed\u4ee3\u5668\uff0c\u521d\u59cb\u503c\u4e3a1\uff0c\u9010\u6b65\u9012\u589e1\uff1a\u5b9e\u4f8b(Python 3.0+)<\/p>\n
class MyNumbers:\n  def __iter__(self):\n    self.a = 1\n    return self\n \n  def __next__(self):\n    x = self.a\n    self.a += 1\n    return x\n \nmyclass = MyNumbers()\nmyiter = iter(myclass)\n \nprint(next(myiter))\nprint(next(myiter))\nprint(next(myiter))\nprint(next(myiter))\nprint(next(myiter))<\/pre>\n
\u6267\u884c\u8f93\u51fa\u7ed3\u679c\u4e3a\uff1a
\n1
\n2
\n3
\n4
\n5
\nStopIteration
\nStopIteration \u5f02\u5e38\u7528\u4e8e\u6807\u8bc6\u8fed\u4ee3\u7684\u5b8c\u6210\uff0c\u9632\u6b62\u51fa\u73b0\u65e0\u9650\u5faa\u73af\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\uff0c\u5728 __next__() \u65b9\u6cd5\u4e2d\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u8bbe\u7f6e\u5728\u5b8c\u6210\u6307\u5b9a\u5faa\u73af\u6b21\u6570\u540e\u89e6\u53d1 StopIteration \u5f02\u5e38\u6765\u7ed3\u675f\u8fed\u4ee3\u3002
\n\u5728 20 \u6b21\u8fed\u4ee3\u540e\u505c\u6b62\u6267\u884c\uff1a
\n\u5b9e\u4f8b(Python 3.0+)<\/p>\n
class MyNumbers:\n  def __iter__(self):\n    self.a = 1\n    return self\n \n  def __next__(self):\n    if self.a <= 20:\n      x = self.a\n      self.a += 1\n      return x\n    else:\n      raise StopIteration\n \nmyclass = MyNumbers()\nmyiter = iter(myclass)\n \nfor x in myiter:\n  print(x)<\/pre>\n
\u6267\u884c\u8f93\u51fa\u7ed3\u679c\u4e3a\uff1a
\n1
\n2
\n3
\n4
\n5
\n6
\n7
\n8
\n9
\n10
\n11
\n12
\n13
\n14
\n15
\n16
\n17
\n18
\n19
\n20
\n\u751f\u6210\u5668
\n\u5728Python\u4e2d\uff0c\u4f7f\u7528\u4e86yield\u7684\u51fd\u6570\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a\u751f\u6210\u5668\uff08generator\uff09\u3002\u8ddf\u666e\u901a\u51fd\u6570\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u751f\u6210\u5668\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u8fd4\u56de\u8fed\u4ee3\u5668\u7684\u51fd\u6570\uff0c\u53ea\u80fd\u7528\u4e8e\u8fed\u4ee3\u64cd\u4f5c\uff0c\u66f4\u7b80\u5355\u70b9\u7406\u89e3\u751f\u6210\u5668\u5c31\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u8fed\u4ee3\u5668\u3002\u5728\u8c03\u7528\u751f\u6210\u5668\u8fd0\u884c\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\uff0c\u6bcf\u6b21\u9047\u5230yield\u65f6\u51fd\u6570\u4f1a\u6682\u505c\u5e76\u4fdd\u5b58\u5f53\u524d\u6240\u6709\u7684\u8fd0\u884c\u4fe1\u606f\uff0c\u8fd4\u56deyield\u7684\u503c\uff0c\u5e76\u5728\u4e0b\u4e00\u6b21\u6267\u884cnext()\u65b9\u6cd5\u65f6\u4ece\u5f53\u524d\u4f4d\u7f6e\u7ee7\u7eed\u8fd0\u884c\u3002\u8c03\u7528\u4e00\u4e2a\u751f\u6210\u5668\u51fd\u6570\uff0c\u8fd4\u56de\u7684\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u8fed\u4ee3\u5668\u5bf9\u8c61\u3002
\n\u4ee5\u4e0b\u5b9e\u4f8b\u4f7f\u7528yield\u5b9e\u73b0\u6590\u6ce2\u90a3\u5951\u6570\u5217\uff1a
\n\u5b9e\u4f8b(Python 3.0+)<\/p>\n
#!\/usr\/bin\/python3\n \nimport sys\n \ndef fibonacci(n): # \u751f\u6210\u5668\u51fd\u6570 - \u6590\u6ce2\u90a3\u5951\n    a, b, counter = 0, 1, 0\n    while True:\n        if (counter > n): \n            return\n        yield a\n        a, b = b, a + b\n        counter += 1\nf = fibonacci(10) # f \u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u8fed\u4ee3\u5668\uff0c\u7531\u751f\u6210\u5668\u8fd4\u56de\u751f\u6210\n \nwhile True:\n    try:\n        print (next(f), end=\" \")\n    except StopIteration:\n        sys.exit()<\/pre>\n
\u6267\u884c\u4ee5\u4e0a\u7a0b\u5e8f\uff0c\u8f93\u51fa\u7ed3\u679c\u5982\u4e0b\uff1a
\n0 1 1 2 3 5 8 13 21 34 55
\npython\u51fd\u6570
\n\u51fd\u6570\u5b9a\u4e49<\/p>\n
def <function_name> ( <parameters_list> ):\n<code block><\/pre>\n
\u8bf4\u660e\uff1a
\nfunction_name\u662f\u51fd\u6570\u540d\u79f0\uff0c\u5192\u53f7\u7528\u6765\u5206\u5272\u51fd\u6570\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\u3002
\nparameters_list\u662f\u53c2\u6570\u5217\u8868\u3002\u53c2\u6570\u4e5f\u6ca1\u6709\u7c7b\u578b\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f20\u9012\u4efb\u4f55\u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u503c\u7ed9\u51fd\u6570\uff0c\u7531\u51fd\u6570\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\u5b9a\u4e49\u51fd\u6570\u7684\u63a5\u53e3\u3002\u5982\u679c\u4f20\u9012\u7684\u53c2\u6570\u7c7b\u578b\u4e0d\u662f\u51fd\u6570\u60f3\u8981\u7684\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u51fd\u6570\u53ef\u4ee5\u629b\u51fa\u5f02\u5e38\u3002
\ncode block\u662f\u548cif\uff0cwhile\u4e00\u6837\u7684\u4ee3\u7801\uff0c\u5e94\u8be5\u6709\u76f8\u540c\u7684\u7f29\u8fdb\u3002
\n\u51fd\u6570\u6ca1\u6709\u8fd4\u56de\u503c\u7c7b\u578b\uff0creturn\u53ef\u4ee5\u8fd4\u56de\u4efb\u610f\u7c7b\u578b\u3002
\n\u5fc5\u987b\u53c2\u6570
\n\u5fc5\u9700\u53c2\u6570\u987b\u4ee5\u6b63\u786e\u7684\u987a\u5e8f\u4f20\u5165\u51fd\u6570\u3002\u8c03\u7528\u65f6\u7684\u6570\u91cf\u5fc5\u987b\u548c\u58f0\u660e\u65f6\u7684\u4e00\u6837\u3002\u8c03\u7528 printme() \u51fd\u6570\uff0c\u4f60\u5fc5\u987b\u4f20\u5165\u4e00\u4e2a\u53c2\u6570\uff0c\u4e0d\u7136\u4f1a\u51fa\u73b0\u8bed\u6cd5\u9519\u8bef\uff1a
\n\u5b9e\u4f8b(Python 3.0+)<\/p>\n
#!\/usr\/bin\/python3\n \n#\u53ef\u5199\u51fd\u6570\u8bf4\u660e\ndef printme( str ):\n   \"\u6253\u5370\u4efb\u4f55\u4f20\u5165\u7684\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\"\n   print (str)\n   return\n # \u8c03\u7528 printme \u51fd\u6570\uff0c\u4e0d\u52a0\u53c2\u6570\u4f1a\u62a5\u9519\nprintme()<\/pre>\n
\u4ee5\u4e0a\u5b9e\u4f8b\u8f93\u51fa\u7ed3\u679c\uff1a
\nTraceback (most recent call last):
\nFile “test.py”, line 10, in <module>
\nprintme()
\nTypeError: printme() missing 1 required positional argument: ‘str’
\n\u9ed8\u8ba4\u53c2\u6570
\n\u6700\u6709\u7528\u7684\u5f62\u5f0f\u662f\u7ed9\u4e00\u4e2a\u6216\u591a\u4e2a\u53c2\u6570\u6307\u5b9a\u9ed8\u8ba4\u503c\u3002\u8fd9\u6837\u521b\u5efa\u7684\u51fd\u6570\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u8c03\u7528\u65f6\u4f7f\u7528\u66f4\u5c11\u7684\u53c2\u6570\u3002
\ndef ask_ok(prompt, retries=4, complaint=’Yes or no, please!’):
\nwhile True:
\nok = raw_input(prompt)
\nif ok in (‘y’, ‘ye’, ‘yes’): return 1
\nif ok in (‘n’, ‘no’, ‘nop’, ‘nope’): return 0
\n\u8fd9\u4e2a\u51fd\u6570\u8fd8\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528\u4ee5\u4e0b\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u8c03\u7528\uff1a
\nask_ok(‘Do you really want to quit?’)\uff0c
\n\u6216\u8005\u50cf\u8fd9\u6837\uff1a
\nask_ok(‘OK to overwrite the file?’,2)\u3002
\n\u5173\u952e\u5b57\u53c2\u6570
\n\u51fd\u6570\u53ef\u4ee5\u901a\u8fc7\u53c2\u6570\u5173\u952e\u5b57\u7684\u5f62\u5f0f\u6765\u8c03\u7528\uff0c\u5f62\u5982\u201ckeyword = value\u201d\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u4ee5\u4e0b\u7684\u51fd\u6570\uff1a
\ndef parrot(voltage, state=’a stiff’, action=’voom’, type=’Norwegian Blue’):
\nprint(“–This parrot wouldn’t”, action)
\nprint(“if you put”, voltage, “Volts through it.”)
\nprint(“–Lovely plumage, the”, type print “–It’s”, state, “!”)
\n\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528\u4ee5\u4e0b\u7684\u4efb\u4e00\u65b9\u6cd5\u8c03\u7528\uff1a
\nparrot(1000)
\nparrot(action = ‘VOOOOOM’, voltage = 1000000)
\nparrot(‘a thousand’, state = ‘pushing up the daisies’)
\n\u53c2\u6570\u5217\u8868\u4e2d\u7684\u6bcf\u4e00\u4e2a\u5173\u952e\u5b57\u90fd\u5fc5\u987b\u6765\u81ea\u4e8e\u5f62\u5f0f\u53c2\u6570\uff0c\u6bcf\u4e2a\u53c2\u6570\u90fd\u6709\u5bf9\u5e94\u7684\u5173\u952e\u5b57\u3002
\n\u5f62\u5f0f\u53c2\u6570\u6709\u6ca1\u6709\u9ed8\u8ba4\u503c\u5e76\u4e0d\u91cd\u8981\u3002
\n\u5b9e\u9645\u53c2\u6570\u4e0d\u80fd\u4e00\u6b21\u8d4b\u591a\u4e2a\u503c\u3002
\n\u5f62\u5f0f\u53c2\u6570\u4e0d\u80fd\u5728\u540c\u4e00\u6b21\u8c03\u7528\u4e2d\u540c\u65f6\u4f7f\u7528\u4f4d\u7f6e\u548c\u5173\u952e\u5b57\u7ed1\u5b9a\u503c\u3002
\n\u4e0d\u5b9a\u957f\u53c2\u6570
\n\u4e00\u4e2a\u6700\u4e0d\u5e38\u7528\u7684\u9009\u62e9\u662f\u53ef\u4ee5\u8ba9\u51fd\u6570\u8c03\u7528\u53ef\u53d8\u4e2a\u6570\u7684\u53c2\u6570\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u53c2\u6570\u88ab\u5305\u88c5\u8fdb\u4e00\u4e2a\u62d3\u6251\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u4e9b\u53ef\u53d8\u4e2a\u6570\u7684\u53c2\u6570\u4e4b\u524d\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u6709\u96f6\u5230\u591a\u4e2a\u666e\u901a\u7684\u53c2\u6570\uff1a
\ndef fprintf(file, format, *args):
\nfile.write(format % args)
\n\u5d4c\u5957\u51fd\u6570
\n\u8fd9\u79cd\u673a\u5236\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u51fd\u6570\u8303\u56f4\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u67d0\u4e9b\u51fd\u6570\u53ea\u5728\u67d0\u4e9b\u51fd\u6570\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\u624d\u80fd\u770b\u5230\u3002\u5982\u679c\u9700\u8981\u516c\u5f00\u7684\u8bdd\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u901a\u8fc7\u8fd4\u56de\u503c\u8fd4\u56de\u5185\u90e8\u51fd\u6570\u3002<\/p>\n
>>> def outfun(a,b):\n... def innerfun(x,y):\n... return x+y\n... return innerfun(a,b)<\/pre>\n
\u533f\u540d\u51fd\u6570
\n\u901a\u8fc7lambda\u5173\u952e\u5b57\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u521b\u5efa\u5f88\u5c0f\u7684\u533f\u540d\u51fd\u6570\u3002
\n\u6240\u8c13\u533f\u540d\uff0c\u610f\u5373\u4e0d\u518d\u4f7f\u7528 def \u8bed\u53e5\u8fd9\u6837\u6807\u51c6\u7684\u5f62\u5f0f\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e00\u4e2a\u51fd\u6570\u3002
\nlambda \u53ea\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u8868\u8fbe\u5f0f\uff0c\u51fd\u6570\u4f53\u6bd4 def \u7b80\u5355\u5f88\u591a\u3002
\nlambda\u7684\u4e3b\u4f53\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u8868\u8fbe\u5f0f\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u4ee3\u7801\u5757\u3002\u4ec5\u4ec5\u80fd\u5728lambda\u8868\u8fbe\u5f0f\u4e2d\u5c01\u88c5\u6709\u9650\u7684\u903b\u8f91\u8fdb\u53bb\u3002
\nlambda \u51fd\u6570\u62e5\u6709\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u547d\u540d\u7a7a\u95f4\uff0c\u4e14\u4e0d\u80fd\u8bbf\u95ee\u81ea\u5df1\u53c2\u6570\u5217\u8868\u4e4b\u5916\u6216\u5168\u5c40\u547d\u540d\u7a7a\u95f4\u91cc\u7684\u53c2\u6570\u3002
\n\u867d\u7136lambda\u51fd\u6570\u770b\u8d77\u6765\u53ea\u80fd\u5199\u4e00\u884c\uff0c\u5374\u4e0d\u7b49\u540c\u4e8eC\u6216C++\u7684\u5185\u8054\u51fd\u6570\uff0c\u540e\u8005\u7684\u76ee\u7684\u662f\u8c03\u7528\u5c0f\u51fd\u6570\u65f6\u4e0d\u5360\u7528\u6808\u5185\u5b58\u4ece\u800c\u589e\u52a0\u8fd0\u884c\u6548\u7387\u3002\u8fd9\u91cc\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u51fd\u6570\u8fd4\u56de\u5b83\u7684\u4e24\u4e2a\u53c2\u6570\u7684\u548c\uff1a\u201clambda a, b: a+b\u201d\u3002lambda \u5f62\u5f0f\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528\u4e8e\u4efb\u4f55\u9700\u8981\u7684\u51fd\u6570\u5bf9\u8c61\u3002\u51fa\u4e8e\u8bed\u6cd5\u9650\u5236\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u53ea\u80fd\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u5355\u72ec\u7684\u8868\u8fbe\u5f0f\u3002\u8bed\u4e49\u4e0a\u8bb2\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u53ea\u662f\u666e\u901a\u51fd\u6570\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e2d\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u8bed\u6cd5\u6280\u5de7\u3002\u7c7b\u4f3c\u4e8e\u5d4c\u5957\u51fd\u6570\u5b9a\u4e49\uff0clambda\u5f62\u5f0f\u53ef\u4ee5\u4ece\u5305\u542b\u8303\u56f4\u5185\u5f15\u7528\u53d8\u91cf\uff1a<\/p>\n
>>> def make_incrementor(n):\nreturn lambda x: x + n...\n>>> f = make_incrementor(42)\n>>> f(0)\n42\n\n>>> f = lambda a,b: a+b\n>>> f(1,2)\n3\n\n>>> f(\"abc\",\"def\")\n'abcdef'<\/pre>\n
\u6587\u6863\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32
\n\u7b2c\u4e00\u884c\u5e94\u8be5\u662f\u5173\u4e8e\u5bf9\u8c61\u7528\u9014\u7684\u7b80\u4ecb\u3002\u7b80\u77ed\u8d77\u89c1\uff0c\u4e0d\u7528\u660e\u786e\u7684\u9648\u8ff0\u5bf9\u8c61\u540d\u6216\u7c7b\u578b\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u4ece\u522b\u7684\u9014\u5f84\u4e86\u89e3\u5230\u3002\u8fd9\u4e00\u884c\u5e94\u8be5\u4ee5\u5927\u5199\u5b57\u6bcd\u5f00\u5934\uff0c\u4ee5\u53e5\u53f7\u7ed3\u5c3e\u3002\u5982\u679c\u6587\u6863\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u6709\u591a\u884c\uff0c\u7b2c\u4e8c\u884c\u5e94\u8be5\u7a7a\u51fa\u6765\uff0c\u4e0e\u63a5\u4e0b\u6765\u7684\u8be6\u7ec6\u63cf\u8ff0\u660e\u786e\u5206\u9694\u3002\u63a5\u4e0b\u6765\u7684\u6587\u6863\u5e94\u8be5\u6709\u4e00\u6216\u591a\u6bb5\u63cf\u8ff0\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u8c03\u7528\u7ea6\u5b9a\u3001\u8fb9\u754c\u6548\u5e94\u7b49\u3002<\/p>\n
>>> def my_function():\n... \"\"\"Do nothing, but document it\n.... \n.... No, really, it doesn't do anything\n.... \"\"\"\n... pass\n... \n>>> print my_function.__doc__\nthis function do nothing, just demostratethe use of the doc string.<\/pre>\n
\u53d8\u91cf\u4f5c\u7528\u57df
\nPython \u4e2d\uff0c\u7a0b\u5e8f\u7684\u53d8\u91cf\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u5728\u54ea\u4e2a\u4f4d\u7f6e\u90fd\u53ef\u4ee5\u8bbf\u95ee\u7684\uff0c\u8bbf\u95ee\u6743\u9650\u51b3\u5b9a\u4e8e\u8fd9\u4e2a\u53d8\u91cf\u662f\u5728\u54ea\u91cc\u8d4b\u503c\u7684\u3002\u53d8\u91cf\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\u57df\u51b3\u5b9a\u4e86\u5728\u54ea\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\u7a0b\u5e8f\u53ef\u4ee5\u8bbf\u95ee\u54ea\u4e2a\u7279\u5b9a\u7684\u53d8\u91cf\u540d\u79f0\u3002Python\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\u57df\u4e00\u5171\u67094\u79cd\uff0c\u5206\u522b\u662f\uff1a
\nL \uff08Local\uff09 \u5c40\u90e8\u4f5c\u7528\u57df
\nE \uff08Enclosing\uff09 \u95ed\u5305\u51fd\u6570\u5916\u7684\u51fd\u6570\u4e2d
\nG \uff08Global\uff09 \u5168\u5c40\u4f5c\u7528\u57df
\nB \uff08Built-in\uff09 \u5185\u7f6e\u4f5c\u7528\u57df\uff08\u5185\u7f6e\u51fd\u6570\u6240\u5728\u6a21\u5757\u7684\u8303\u56f4\uff09
\n\u4ee5 L \u2013> E \u2013> G \u2013>B \u7684\u89c4\u5219\u67e5\u627e\uff0c\u5373\uff1a\u5728\u5c40\u90e8\u627e\u4e0d\u5230\uff0c\u4fbf\u4f1a\u53bb\u5c40\u90e8\u5916\u7684\u5c40\u90e8\u627e\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\u95ed\u5305\uff09\uff0c\u518d\u627e\u4e0d\u5230\u5c31\u4f1a\u53bb\u5168\u5c40\u627e\uff0c\u518d\u8005\u53bb\u5185\u7f6e\u4e2d\u627e\u3002
\ng_count = 0 # \u5168\u5c40\u4f5c\u7528\u57df
\ndef outer():
\no_count = 1 # \u95ed\u5305\u51fd\u6570\u5916\u7684\u51fd\u6570\u4e2d
\ndef inner():
\ni_count = 2 # \u5c40\u90e8\u4f5c\u7528\u57df
\n\u5185\u7f6e\u4f5c\u7528\u57df\u662f\u901a\u8fc7\u4e00\u4e2a\u540d\u4e3a builtin \u7684\u6807\u51c6\u6a21\u5757\u6765\u5b9e\u73b0\u7684\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u8fd9\u4e2a\u53d8\u91cf\u540d\u81ea\u8eab\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u653e\u5165\u5185\u7f6e\u4f5c\u7528\u57df\u5185\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u5fc5\u987b\u5bfc\u5165\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6587\u4ef6\u624d\u80fd\u591f\u4f7f\u7528\u5b83\u3002\u5728Python3.0\u4e2d\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528\u4ee5\u4e0b\u7684\u4ee3\u7801\u6765\u67e5\u770b\u5230\u5e95\u9884\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e86\u54ea\u4e9b\u53d8\u91cf:<\/p>\n
>>> import builtins
\n>>> dir(builtins)
\nPython \u4e2d\u53ea\u6709\u6a21\u5757\uff08module\uff09\uff0c\u7c7b\uff08class\uff09\u4ee5\u53ca\u51fd\u6570\uff08def\u3001lambda\uff09\u624d\u4f1a\u5f15\u5165\u65b0\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\u57df\uff0c\u5176\u5b83\u7684\u4ee3\u7801\u5757\uff08\u5982 if\/elif\/else\/\u3001try\/except\u3001for\/while\u7b49\uff09\u662f\u4e0d\u4f1a\u5f15\u5165\u65b0\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\u57df\u7684\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8bf4\u8fd9\u4e9b\u8bed\u53e5\u5185\u5b9a\u4e49\u7684\u53d8\u91cf\uff0c\u5916\u90e8\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u8bbf\u95ee\uff0c\u5982\u4e0b\u4ee3\u7801\uff1a<\/p>\n
>>> if True:\n...  msg = 'I am from Runoob'\n... \n>>> msg\n'I am from Runoob'\n>>><\/pre>\n
\u5b9e\u4f8b\u4e2d msg \u53d8\u91cf\u5b9a\u4e49\u5728 if \u8bed\u53e5\u5757\u4e2d\uff0c\u4f46\u5916\u90e8\u8fd8\u662f\u53ef\u4ee5\u8bbf\u95ee\u7684\u3002\u5982\u679c\u5c06 msg \u5b9a\u4e49\u5728\u51fd\u6570\u4e2d\uff0c\u5219\u5b83\u5c31\u662f\u5c40\u90e8\u53d8\u91cf\uff0c\u5916\u90e8\u4e0d\u80fd\u8bbf\u95ee\uff1a<\/p>\n
>>> def test():\n...     msg_inner = 'I am from Runoob'\n... \n>>> msg_inner\nTraceback (most recent call last):\n  File \"<stdin>\", line 1, in <module>\nNameError: name 'msg_inner' is not defined\n>>><\/pre>\n
\u4ece\u62a5\u9519\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\u4e0a\u770b\uff0c\u8bf4\u660e\u4e86 msg_inner \u672a\u5b9a\u4e49\uff0c\u65e0\u6cd5\u4f7f\u7528\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u662f\u5c40\u90e8\u53d8\u91cf\uff0c\u53ea\u6709\u5728\u51fd\u6570\u5185\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528\u3002
\n\u5168\u5c40\u53d8\u91cf\u548c\u5c40\u90e8\u53d8\u91cf
\n\u5b9a\u4e49\u5728\u51fd\u6570\u5185\u90e8\u7684\u53d8\u91cf\u62e5\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u5c40\u90e8\u4f5c\u7528\u57df\uff0c\u5b9a\u4e49\u5728\u51fd\u6570\u5916\u7684\u62e5\u6709\u5168\u5c40\u4f5c\u7528\u57df\u3002\u5c40\u90e8\u53d8\u91cf\u53ea\u80fd\u5728\u5176\u88ab\u58f0\u660e\u7684\u51fd\u6570\u5185\u90e8\u8bbf\u95ee\uff0c\u800c\u5168\u5c40\u53d8\u91cf\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u6574\u4e2a\u7a0b\u5e8f\u8303\u56f4\u5185\u8bbf\u95ee\u3002\u8c03\u7528\u51fd\u6570\u65f6\uff0c\u6240\u6709\u5728\u51fd\u6570\u5185\u58f0\u660e\u7684\u53d8\u91cf\u540d\u79f0\u90fd\u5c06\u88ab\u52a0\u5165\u5230\u4f5c\u7528\u57df\u4e2d\u3002
\n\u5b9e\u4f8b(Python 3.0+)<\/p>\n
#!\/usr\/bin\/python3\n \ntotal = 0 # \u8fd9\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5168\u5c40\u53d8\u91cf\n# \u53ef\u5199\u51fd\u6570\u8bf4\u660e\ndef sum( arg1, arg2 ):\n    #\u8fd4\u56de2\u4e2a\u53c2\u6570\u7684\u548c.\"\n    total = arg1 + arg2 # total\u5728\u8fd9\u91cc\u662f\u5c40\u90e8\u53d8\u91cf.\n    print (\"\u51fd\u6570\u5185\u662f\u5c40\u90e8\u53d8\u91cf : \", total)\n    return total<\/pre>\n
#\u8c03\u7528sum\u51fd\u6570
\nsum( 10, 20 )
\nprint (“\u51fd\u6570\u5916\u662f\u5168\u5c40\u53d8\u91cf : “, total)
\n\u4ee5\u4e0a\u5b9e\u4f8b\u8f93\u51fa\u7ed3\u679c\uff1a
\n\u51fd\u6570\u5185\u662f\u5c40\u90e8\u53d8\u91cf : 30
\n\u51fd\u6570\u5916\u662f\u5168\u5c40\u53d8\u91cf : 0
\nglobal \u548c nonlocal\u5173\u952e\u5b57
\n\u5f53\u5185\u90e8\u4f5c\u7528\u57df\u60f3\u4fee\u6539\u5916\u90e8\u4f5c\u7528\u57df\u7684\u53d8\u91cf\u65f6\uff0c\u5c31\u8981\u7528\u5230global\u548cnonlocal\u5173\u952e\u5b57\u4e86\u3002
\n\u4ee5\u4e0b\u5b9e\u4f8b\u4fee\u6539\u5168\u5c40\u53d8\u91cf num\uff1a
\n\u5b9e\u4f8b(Python 3.0+)<\/p>\n
#!\/usr\/bin\/python3\n \nnum = 1\ndef fun1():\n    global num  # \u9700\u8981\u4f7f\u7528 global \u5173\u952e\u5b57\u58f0\u660e\n    print(num) \n    num = 123\n    print(num)\nfun1()\nprint(num)<\/pre>\n
\u4ee5\u4e0a\u5b9e\u4f8b\u8f93\u51fa\u7ed3\u679c\uff1a
\n1
\n123
\n123
\n\u5982\u679c\u8981\u4fee\u6539\u5d4c\u5957\u4f5c\u7528\u57df\uff08enclosing \u4f5c\u7528\u57df\uff0c\u5916\u5c42\u975e\u5168\u5c40\u4f5c\u7528\u57df\uff09\u4e2d\u7684\u53d8\u91cf\u5219\u9700\u8981 nonlocal \u5173\u952e\u5b57\u4e86\uff0c\u5982\u4e0b\u5b9e\u4f8b\uff1a
\n\u5b9e\u4f8b(Python 3.0+)<\/p>\n
#!\/usr\/bin\/python3\n \ndef outer():\n    num = 10\n    def inner():\n        nonlocal num   # nonlocal\u5173\u952e\u5b57\u58f0\u660e\n        num = 100\n        print(num)\n    inner()\n    print(num)\nouter()<\/pre>\n
\u4ee5\u4e0a\u5b9e\u4f8b\u8f93\u51fa\u7ed3\u679c\uff1a
\n100
\n100
\n\u53e6\u5916\u6709\u4e00\u79cd\u7279\u6b8a\u60c5\u51b5\uff0c\u5047\u8bbe\u4e0b\u9762\u8fd9\u6bb5\u4ee3\u7801\u88ab\u8fd0\u884c\uff1a
\n\u5b9e\u4f8b(Python 3.0+)<\/p>\n
#!\/usr\/bin\/python3\n \na = 10\ndef test():\n    a = a + 1\n    print(a)\ntest()<\/pre>\n
\u4ee5\u4e0a\u7a0b\u5e8f\u6267\u884c\uff0c\u62a5\u9519\u4fe1\u606f\u5982\u4e0b\uff1a<\/p>\n
Traceback (most recent call last):\n  File \"test.py\", line 7, in <module>\n    test()\n  File \"test.py\", line 5, in test\n    a = a + 1\nUnboundLocalError: local variable 'a' referenced before assignment<\/pre>\n
\u9519\u8bef\u4fe1\u606f\u4e3a\u5c40\u90e8\u4f5c\u7528\u57df\u5f15\u7528\u9519\u8bef\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a test \u51fd\u6570\u4e2d\u7684 a \u4f7f\u7528\u7684\u662f\u5c40\u90e8\uff0c\u672a\u5b9a\u4e49\uff0c\u65e0\u6cd5\u4fee\u6539\u3002
\n\u4fee\u6539 a \u4e3a\u5168\u5c40\u53d8\u91cf\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u51fd\u6570\u53c2\u6570\u4f20\u9012\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u6b63\u5e38\u6267\u884c\u8f93\u51fa\u7ed3\u679c\u4e3a\uff1a
\n\u5b9e\u4f8b(Python 3.0+)<\/p>\n
#!\/usr\/bin\/python3\n \na = 10\ndef test(a):\n    a = a + 1\n    print(a)\ntest(a)<\/pre>\n
\u6267\u884c\u8f93\u51fa\u7ed3\u679c\u4e3a\uff1a
\n11<\/p>\n
\u6570\u636e\u7ed3\u6784
\n\u5217\u8868
\nPython\u4e2d\u5217\u8868\u662f\u53ef\u53d8\u7684\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u5b83\u533a\u522b\u4e8e\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u548c\u5143\u7ec4\u7684\u6700\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u7279\u70b9\uff0c\u4e00\u53e5\u8bdd\u6982\u62ec\u5373\uff1a\u5217\u8868\u53ef\u4ee5\u4fee\u6539\uff0c\u800c\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u548c\u5143\u7ec4\u4e0d\u80fd\u3002
\n\u4ee5\u4e0b\u662f Python \u4e2d\u5217\u8868\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\uff1a
\n\u65b9\u6cd5 \u63cf\u8ff0
\nlist.append(x) \u628a\u4e00\u4e2a\u5143\u7d20\u6dfb\u52a0\u5230\u5217\u8868\u7684\u7ed3\u5c3e\uff0c\u76f8\u5f53\u4e8e a[len(a):] = [x]\u3002
\nlist.extend(L) \u901a\u8fc7\u6dfb\u52a0\u6307\u5b9a\u5217\u8868\u7684\u6240\u6709\u5143\u7d20\u6765\u6269\u5145\u5217\u8868\uff0c\u76f8\u5f53\u4e8e a[len(a):] = L\u3002
\nlist.insert(i, x) \u5728\u6307\u5b9a\u4f4d\u7f6e\u63d2\u5165\u4e00\u4e2a\u5143\u7d20\u3002\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u53c2\u6570\u662f\u51c6\u5907\u63d2\u5165\u5230\u5176\u524d\u9762\u7684\u90a3\u4e2a\u5143\u7d20\u7684\u7d22\u5f15\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982 a.insert(0, x) \u4f1a\u63d2\u5165\u5230\u6574\u4e2a\u5217\u8868\u4e4b\u524d\uff0c\u800c a.insert(len(a), x) \u76f8\u5f53\u4e8e a.append(x) \u3002
\nlist.remove(x) \u5220\u9664\u5217\u8868\u4e2d\u503c\u4e3a x \u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u5143\u7d20\u3002\u5982\u679c\u6ca1\u6709\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u5143\u7d20\uff0c\u5c31\u4f1a\u8fd4\u56de\u4e00\u4e2a\u9519\u8bef\u3002
\nlist.pop([i]) \u4ece\u5217\u8868\u7684\u6307\u5b9a\u4f4d\u7f6e\u79fb\u9664\u5143\u7d20\uff0c\u5e76\u5c06\u5176\u8fd4\u56de\u3002\u5982\u679c\u6ca1\u6709\u6307\u5b9a\u7d22\u5f15\uff0ca.pop()\u8fd4\u56de\u6700\u540e\u4e00\u4e2a\u5143\u7d20\u3002\u5143\u7d20\u968f\u5373\u4ece\u5217\u8868\u4e2d\u88ab\u79fb\u9664\u3002\uff08\u65b9\u6cd5\u4e2d i \u4e24\u8fb9\u7684\u65b9\u62ec\u53f7\u8868\u793a\u8fd9\u4e2a\u53c2\u6570\u662f\u53ef\u9009\u7684\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u8981\u6c42\u4f60\u8f93\u5165\u4e00\u5bf9\u65b9\u62ec\u53f7\uff0c\u4f60\u4f1a\u7ecf\u5e38\u5728 Python \u5e93\u53c2\u8003\u624b\u518c\u4e2d\u9047\u5230\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u6807\u8bb0\u3002\uff09
\nlist.clear() \u79fb\u9664\u5217\u8868\u4e2d\u7684\u6240\u6709\u9879\uff0c\u7b49\u4e8edel a[:]\u3002
\nlist.index(x) \u8fd4\u56de\u5217\u8868\u4e2d\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u503c\u4e3a x \u7684\u5143\u7d20\u7684\u7d22\u5f15\u3002\u5982\u679c\u6ca1\u6709\u5339\u914d\u7684\u5143\u7d20\u5c31\u4f1a\u8fd4\u56de\u4e00\u4e2a\u9519\u8bef\u3002
\nlist.count(x) \u8fd4\u56de x \u5728\u5217\u8868\u4e2d\u51fa\u73b0\u7684\u6b21\u6570\u3002
\nlist.sort() \u5bf9\u5217\u8868\u4e2d\u7684\u5143\u7d20\u8fdb\u884c\u6392\u5e8f\u3002
\nlist.reverse() \u5012\u6392\u5217\u8868\u4e2d\u7684\u5143\u7d20\u3002
\nlist.copy() \u8fd4\u56de\u5217\u8868\u7684\u6d45\u590d\u5236\uff0c\u7b49\u4e8ea[:]\u3002
\n\u4e0b\u9762\u793a\u4f8b\u6f14\u793a\u4e86\u5217\u8868\u7684\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u65b9\u6cd5\uff1a<\/p>\n
>>> a = [66.25, 333, 333, 1, 1234.5]\n>>> print(a.count(333), a.count(66.25), a.count('x'))\n2 1 0\n>>> a.insert(2, -1)\n>>> a.append(333)\n>>> a\n[66.25, 333, -1, 333, 1, 1234.5, 333]\n>>> a.index(333)\n1\n>>> a.remove(333)\n>>> a\n[66.25, -1, 333, 1, 1234.5, 333]\n>>> a.reverse()\n>>> a\n[333, 1234.5, 1, 333, -1, 66.25]\n>>> a.sort()\n>>> a\n[-1, 1, 66.25, 333, 333, 1234.5]<\/pre>\n
\u6ce8\u610f\uff1a\u7c7b\u4f3c insert, remove \u6216 sort \u7b49\u4fee\u6539\u5217\u8868\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u6ca1\u6709\u8fd4\u56de\u503c\u3002
\n\u5c06\u5217\u8868\u5f53\u505a\u5806\u6808\u4f7f\u7528
\n\u5217\u8868\u65b9\u6cd5\u4f7f\u5f97\u5217\u8868\u53ef\u4ee5\u5f88\u65b9\u4fbf\u7684\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u5806\u6808\u6765\u4f7f\u7528\uff0c\u5806\u6808\u4f5c\u4e3a\u7279\u5b9a\u7684\u6570\u636e\u7ed3\u6784\uff0c\u6700\u5148\u8fdb\u5165\u7684\u5143\u7d20\u6700\u540e\u4e00\u4e2a\u88ab\u91ca\u653e\uff08\u540e\u8fdb\u5148\u51fa\uff09\u3002\u7528 append() \u65b9\u6cd5\u53ef\u4ee5\u628a\u4e00\u4e2a\u5143\u7d20\u6dfb\u52a0\u5230\u5806\u6808\u9876\u3002\u7528\u4e0d\u6307\u5b9a\u7d22\u5f15\u7684 pop() \u65b9\u6cd5\u53ef\u4ee5\u628a\u4e00\u4e2a\u5143\u7d20\u4ece\u5806\u6808\u9876\u91ca\u653e\u51fa\u6765\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff1a<\/p>\n
>>> stack = [3, 4, 5]\n>>> stack.append(6)\n>>> stack.append(7)\n>>> stack\n[3, 4, 5, 6, 7]\n>>> stack.pop()\n7\n>>> stack\n[3, 4, 5, 6]\n>>> stack.pop()\n6\n>>> stack.pop()\n5\n>>> stack\n[3, 4]<\/pre>\n
\u5c06\u5217\u8868\u5f53\u4f5c\u961f\u5217\u4f7f\u7528
\n\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u628a\u5217\u8868\u5f53\u505a\u961f\u5217\u7528\uff0c\u53ea\u662f\u5728\u961f\u5217\u91cc\u7b2c\u4e00\u52a0\u5165\u7684\u5143\u7d20\uff0c\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u53d6\u51fa\u6765\uff1b\u4f46\u662f\u62ff\u5217\u8868\u7528\u4f5c\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u76ee\u7684\u6548\u7387\u4e0d\u9ad8\u3002\u5728\u5217\u8868\u7684\u6700\u540e\u6dfb\u52a0\u6216\u8005\u5f39\u51fa\u5143\u7d20\u901f\u5ea6\u5feb\uff0c\u7136\u800c\u5728\u5217\u8868\u91cc\u63d2\u5165\u6216\u8005\u4ece\u5934\u90e8\u5f39\u51fa\u901f\u5ea6\u5374\u4e0d\u5feb\uff08\u56e0\u4e3a\u6240\u6709\u5176\u4ed6\u7684\u5143\u7d20\u90fd\u5f97\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e00\u4e2a\u5730\u79fb\u52a8\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n
>>> from collections import deque\n>>> queue = deque([\"Eric\", \"John\", \"Michael\"])\n>>> queue.append(\"Terry\")           # Terry arrives\n>>> queue.append(\"Graham\")          # Graham arrives\n>>> queue.popleft()                 # The first to arrive now leaves\n'Eric'\n>>> queue.popleft()                 # The second to arrive now leaves\n'John'\n>>> queue                           # Remaining queue in order of arrival\ndeque(['Michael', 'Terry', 'Graham'])<\/pre>\n
\u5217\u8868\u63a8\u5bfc\u5f0f
\n\u5217\u8868\u63a8\u5bfc\u5f0f\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u4ece\u5e8f\u5217\u521b\u5efa\u5217\u8868\u7684\u7b80\u5355\u9014\u5f84\u3002\u901a\u5e38\u5e94\u7528\u7a0b\u5e8f\u5c06\u4e00\u4e9b\u64cd\u4f5c\u5e94\u7528\u4e8e\u67d0\u4e2a\u5e8f\u5217\u7684\u6bcf\u4e2a\u5143\u7d20\uff0c\u7528\u5176\u83b7\u5f97\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\u4f5c\u4e3a\u751f\u6210\u65b0\u5217\u8868\u7684\u5143\u7d20\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u6839\u636e\u786e\u5b9a\u7684\u5224\u5b9a\u6761\u4ef6\u521b\u5efa\u5b50\u5e8f\u5217\u3002
\n\u6bcf\u4e2a\u5217\u8868\u63a8\u5bfc\u5f0f\u90fd\u5728 for \u4e4b\u540e\u8ddf\u4e00\u4e2a\u8868\u8fbe\u5f0f\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u6709\u96f6\u5230\u591a\u4e2a for \u6216 if \u5b50\u53e5\u3002\u8fd4\u56de\u7ed3\u679c\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u6839\u636e\u8868\u8fbe\u4ece\u5176\u540e\u7684 for \u548c if \u4e0a\u4e0b\u6587\u73af\u5883\u4e2d\u751f\u6210\u51fa\u6765\u7684\u5217\u8868\u3002\u5982\u679c\u5e0c\u671b\u8868\u8fbe\u5f0f\u63a8\u5bfc\u51fa\u4e00\u4e2a\u5143\u7ec4\uff0c\u5c31\u5fc5\u987b\u4f7f\u7528\u62ec\u53f7\u3002
\n\u8fd9\u91cc\u6211\u4eec\u5c06\u5217\u8868\u4e2d\u6bcf\u4e2a\u6570\u503c\u4e58\u4e09\uff0c\u83b7\u5f97\u4e00\u4e2a\u65b0\u7684\u5217\u8868\uff1a<\/p>\n
>>> vec = [2, 4, 6]\n>>> [3*x for x in vec]\n[6, 12, 18]<\/pre>\n
\u73b0\u5728\u6211\u4eec\u73a9\u4e00\u70b9\u5c0f\u82b1\u6837\uff1a
\n>>> [[x, x**2] for x in vec]
\n[[2, 4], [4, 16], [6, 36]]
\n\u8fd9\u91cc\u6211\u4eec\u5bf9\u5e8f\u5217\u91cc\u6bcf\u4e00\u4e2a\u5143\u7d20\u9010\u4e2a\u8c03\u7528\u67d0\u65b9\u6cd5\uff1a
\n>>> freshfruit = [‘ banana’, ‘ loganberry ‘, ‘passion fruit ‘]
\n>>> [weapon.strip() for weapon in freshfruit]
\n[‘banana’, ‘loganberry’, ‘passion fruit’]
\n\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528 if \u5b50\u53e5\u4f5c\u4e3a\u8fc7\u6ee4\u5668\uff1a
\n>>> [3*x for x in vec if x > 3]
\n[12, 18]
\n>>> [3*x for x in vec if x < 2]
\n[]
\n\u4ee5\u4e0b\u662f\u4e00\u4e9b\u5173\u4e8e\u5faa\u73af\u548c\u5176\u5b83\u6280\u5de7\u7684\u6f14\u793a\uff1a
\n>>> vec1 = [2, 4, 6]
\n>>> vec2 = [4, 3, -9]
\n>>> [x*y for x in vec1 for y in vec2]
\n[8, 6, -18, 16, 12, -36, 24, 18, -54]
\n>>> [x+y for x in vec1 for y in vec2]
\n[6, 5, -7, 8, 7, -5, 10, 9, -3]
\n>>> [vec1[i]*vec2[i] for i in range(len(vec1))]
\n[8, 12, -54]
\n\u5217\u8868\u63a8\u5bfc\u5f0f\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528\u590d\u6742\u8868\u8fbe\u5f0f\u6216\u5d4c\u5957\u51fd\u6570\uff1a
\n>>> [str(round(355\/113, i)) for i in range(1, 6)]
\n[‘3.1’, ‘3.14’, ‘3.142’, ‘3.1416’, ‘3.14159’]
\n\u5d4c\u5957\u5217\u8868\u89e3\u6790
\nPython\u7684\u5217\u8868\u8fd8\u53ef\u4ee5\u5d4c\u5957\u3002
\n\u4ee5\u4e0b\u5b9e\u4f8b\u5c55\u793a\u4e863X4\u7684\u77e9\u9635\u5217\u8868\uff1a
\n>>> matrix = [
\n… [1, 2, 3, 4],
\n… [5, 6, 7, 8],
\n… [9, 10, 11, 12],
\n… ]
\n\u4ee5\u4e0b\u5b9e\u4f8b\u5c063X4\u7684\u77e9\u9635\u5217\u8868\u8f6c\u6362\u4e3a4X3\u5217\u8868\uff1a
\n>>> [[row[i] for row in matrix] for i in range(4)]
\n[[1, 5, 9], [2, 6, 10], [3, 7, 11], [4, 8, 12]]
\n\u4ee5\u4e0b\u5b9e\u4f8b\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528\u4ee5\u4e0b\u65b9\u6cd5\u6765\u5b9e\u73b0\uff1a<\/p>\n
>>> transposed = []\n>>> for i in range(4):\n...     transposed.append([row[i] for row in matrix])\n...\n>>> transposed\n[[1, 5, 9], [2, 6, 10], [3, 7, 11], [4, 8, 12]]<\/pre>\n
\u53e6\u5916\u4e00\u79cd\u5b9e\u73b0\u65b9\u6cd5\uff1a<\/p>\n
>>> transposed = []\n>>> for i in range(4):\n...     # the following 3 lines implement the nested listcomp\n...     transposed_row = []\n...     for row in matrix:\n...         transposed_row.append(row[i])\n...     transposed.append(transposed_row)\n...\n>>> transposed\n[[1, 5, 9], [2, 6, 10], [3, 7, 11], [4, 8, 12]]<\/pre>\n
del \u8bed\u53e5
\n\u4f7f\u7528 del \u8bed\u53e5\u53ef\u4ee5\u4ece\u4e00\u4e2a\u5217\u8868\u4e2d\u4f9d\u7d22\u5f15\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u503c\u6765\u5220\u9664\u4e00\u4e2a\u5143\u7d20\u3002\u8fd9\u4e0e\u4f7f\u7528 pop() \u8fd4\u56de\u4e00\u4e2a\u503c\u4e0d\u540c\u3002\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528 del \u8bed\u53e5\u4ece\u5217\u8868\u4e2d\u5220\u9664\u4e00\u4e2a\u5207\u5272\uff0c\u6216\u6e05\u7a7a\u6574\u4e2a\u5217\u8868\uff08\u6211\u4eec\u4ee5\u524d\u4ecb\u7ecd\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u662f\u7ed9\u8be5\u5207\u5272\u8d4b\u4e00\u4e2a\u7a7a\u5217\u8868\uff09\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff1a<\/p>\n
>>> a = [-1, 1, 66.25, 333, 333, 1234.5]\n>>> del a[0]\n>>> a\n[1, 66.25, 333, 333, 1234.5]\n>>> del a[2:4]\n>>> a\n[1, 66.25, 1234.5]\n>>> del a[:]\n>>> a\n[]<\/pre>\n
\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528 del \u5220\u9664\u5b9e\u4f53\u53d8\u91cf\uff1a
\n>>> del a
\n\u5143\u7ec4\u548c\u5e8f\u5217
\n\u5143\u7ec4\u7531\u82e5\u5e72\u9017\u53f7\u5206\u9694\u7684\u503c\u7ec4\u6210\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\uff1a
\n>>> t = 12345, 54321, ‘hello!’
\n>>> t[0]
\n12345
\n>>> t
\n(12345, 54321, ‘hello!’)
\n>>> # Tuples may be nested:
\n… u = t, (1, 2, 3, 4, 5)
\n>>> u
\n((12345, 54321, ‘hello!’), (1, 2, 3, 4, 5))
\n\u5982\u4f60\u6240\u89c1\uff0c\u5143\u7ec4\u5728\u8f93\u51fa\u65f6\u603b\u662f\u6709\u62ec\u53f7\u7684\uff0c\u4ee5\u4fbf\u4e8e\u6b63\u786e\u8868\u8fbe\u5d4c\u5957\u7ed3\u6784\u3002\u5728\u8f93\u5165\u65f6\u53ef\u80fd\u6709\u6216\u6ca1\u6709\u62ec\u53f7\uff0c \u4e0d\u8fc7\u62ec\u53f7\u901a\u5e38\u662f\u5fc5\u987b\u7684\uff08\u5982\u679c\u5143\u7ec4\u662f\u66f4\u5927\u7684\u8868\u8fbe\u5f0f\u7684\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\uff09\u3002
\n\u96c6\u5408
\n\u96c6\u5408\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u65e0\u5e8f\u4e0d\u91cd\u590d\u5143\u7d20\u7684\u96c6\u3002\u57fa\u672c\u529f\u80fd\u5305\u62ec\u5173\u7cfb\u6d4b\u8bd5\u548c\u6d88\u9664\u91cd\u590d\u5143\u7d20\u3002
\n\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528\u5927\u62ec\u53f7({})\u521b\u5efa\u96c6\u5408\u3002\u6ce8\u610f\uff1a\u5982\u679c\u8981\u521b\u5efa\u4e00\u4e2a\u7a7a\u96c6\u5408\uff0c\u4f60\u5fc5\u987b\u7528 set() \u800c\u4e0d\u662f {} \uff1b\u540e\u8005\u521b\u5efa\u4e00\u4e2a\u7a7a\u7684\u5b57\u5178\uff0c\u4e0b\u4e00\u8282\u6211\u4eec\u4f1a\u4ecb\u7ecd\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6570\u636e\u7ed3\u6784\u3002
\n\u4ee5\u4e0b\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u7b80\u5355\u7684\u6f14\u793a\uff1a
\n>>> basket = {‘apple’, ‘orange’, ‘apple’, ‘pear’, ‘orange’, ‘banana’}
\n>>> print(basket) # \u5220\u9664\u91cd\u590d\u7684
\n{‘orange’, ‘banana’, ‘pear’, ‘apple’}
\n>>> ‘orange’ in basket # \u68c0\u6d4b\u6210\u5458
\nTrue
\n>>> ‘crabgrass’ in basket
\nFalse
\n>>> # \u4ee5\u4e0b\u6f14\u793a\u4e86\u4e24\u4e2a\u96c6\u5408\u7684\u64cd\u4f5c
\n…
\n>>> a = set(‘abracadabra’)
\n>>> b = set(‘alacazam’)
\n>>> a # a \u4e2d\u552f\u4e00\u7684\u5b57\u6bcd
\n{‘a’, ‘r’, ‘b’, ‘c’, ‘d’}
\n>>> a – b # \u5728 a \u4e2d\u7684\u5b57\u6bcd\uff0c\u4f46\u4e0d\u5728 b \u4e2d
\n{‘r’, ‘d’, ‘b’}
\n>>> a | b # \u5728 a \u6216 b \u4e2d\u7684\u5b57\u6bcd
\n{‘a’, ‘c’, ‘r’, ‘d’, ‘b’, ‘m’, ‘z’, ‘l’}
\n>>> a & b # \u5728 a \u548c b \u4e2d\u90fd\u6709\u7684\u5b57\u6bcd
\n{‘a’, ‘c’}
\n>>> a ^ b # \u5728 a \u6216 b \u4e2d\u7684\u5b57\u6bcd\uff0c\u4f46\u4e0d\u540c\u65f6\u5728 a \u548c b \u4e2d
\n{‘r’, ‘d’, ‘b’, ‘m’, ‘z’, ‘l’}
\n\u96c6\u5408\u4e5f\u652f\u6301\u63a8\u5bfc\u5f0f\uff1a
\n>>> a = {x for x in ‘abracadabra’ if x not in ‘abc’}
\n>>> a
\n{‘r’, ‘d’}
\n\u5b57\u5178
\n\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u975e\u5e38\u6709\u7528\u7684 Python \u5185\u5efa\u6570\u636e\u7c7b\u578b\u662f\u5b57\u5178\u3002
\n\u5e8f\u5217\u662f\u4ee5\u8fde\u7eed\u7684\u6574\u6570\u4e3a\u7d22\u5f15\uff0c\u4e0e\u6b64\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u5b57\u5178\u4ee5\u5173\u952e\u5b57\u4e3a\u7d22\u5f15\uff0c\u5173\u952e\u5b57\u53ef\u4ee5\u662f\u4efb\u610f\u4e0d\u53ef\u53d8\u7c7b\u578b\uff0c\u901a\u5e38\u7528\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u6216\u6570\u503c\u3002
\n\u7406\u89e3\u5b57\u5178\u7684\u6700\u4f73\u65b9\u5f0f\u662f\u628a\u5b83\u770b\u505a\u65e0\u5e8f\u7684\u952e=>\u503c\u5bf9\u96c6\u5408\u3002\u5728\u540c\u4e00\u4e2a\u5b57\u5178\u4e4b\u5185\uff0c\u5173\u952e\u5b57\u5fc5\u987b\u662f\u4e92\u4e0d\u76f8\u540c\u3002
\n\u4e00\u5bf9\u5927\u62ec\u53f7\u521b\u5efa\u4e00\u4e2a\u7a7a\u7684\u5b57\u5178\uff1a{}\u3002
\n\u8fd9\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5b57\u5178\u8fd0\u7528\u7684\u7b80\u5355\u4f8b\u5b50\uff1a
\n>>> tel = {‘jack’: 4098, ‘sape’: 4139}
\n>>> tel[‘guido’] = 4127
\n>>> tel
\n{‘sape’: 4139, ‘guido’: 4127, ‘jack’: 4098}
\n>>> tel[‘jack’]
\n4098
\n>>> del tel[‘sape’]
\n>>> tel[‘irv’] = 4127
\n>>> tel
\n{‘guido’: 4127, ‘irv’: 4127, ‘jack’: 4098}
\n>>> list(tel.keys())
\n[‘irv’, ‘guido’, ‘jack’]
\n>>> sorted(tel.keys())
\n[‘guido’, ‘irv’, ‘jack’]
\n>>> ‘guido’ in tel
\nTrue
\n>>> ‘jack’ not in tel
\nFalse
\n\u6784\u9020\u51fd\u6570 dict() \u76f4\u63a5\u4ece\u952e\u503c\u5bf9\u5143\u7ec4\u5217\u8868\u4e2d\u6784\u5efa\u5b57\u5178\u3002\u5982\u679c\u6709\u56fa\u5b9a\u7684\u6a21\u5f0f\uff0c\u5217\u8868\u63a8\u5bfc\u5f0f\u6307\u5b9a\u7279\u5b9a\u7684\u952e\u503c\u5bf9\uff1a
\n>>> dict([(‘sape’, 4139), (‘guido’, 4127), (‘jack’, 4098)])
\n{‘sape’: 4139, ‘jack’: 4098, ‘guido’: 4127}
\n\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u5b57\u5178\u63a8\u5bfc\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528\u6765\u521b\u5efa\u4efb\u610f\u952e\u548c\u503c\u7684\u8868\u8fbe\u5f0f\u8bcd\u5178\uff1a
\n>>> {x: x**2 for x in (2, 4, 6)}
\n{2: 4, 4: 16, 6: 36}
\n\u5982\u679c\u5173\u952e\u5b57\u53ea\u662f\u7b80\u5355\u7684\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\uff0c\u4f7f\u7528\u5173\u952e\u5b57\u53c2\u6570\u6307\u5b9a\u952e\u503c\u5bf9\u6709\u65f6\u5019\u66f4\u65b9\u4fbf\uff1a
\n>>> dict(sape=4139, guido=4127, jack=4098)
\n{‘sape’: 4139, ‘jack’: 4098, ‘guido’: 4127}
\n\u904d\u5386\u6280\u5de7
\n\u5728\u5b57\u5178\u4e2d\u904d\u5386\u65f6\uff0c\u5173\u952e\u5b57\u548c\u5bf9\u5e94\u7684\u503c\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528 items() \u65b9\u6cd5\u540c\u65f6\u89e3\u8bfb\u51fa\u6765\uff1a
\n>>> knights = {‘gallahad’: ‘the pure’, ‘robin’: ‘the brave’}
\n>>> for k, v in knights.items():
\n… print(k, v)
\n…
\ngallahad the pure
\nrobin the brave
\n\u5728\u5e8f\u5217\u4e2d\u904d\u5386\u65f6\uff0c\u7d22\u5f15\u4f4d\u7f6e\u548c\u5bf9\u5e94\u503c\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528 enumerate() \u51fd\u6570\u540c\u65f6\u5f97\u5230\uff1a
\n>>> for i, v in enumerate([‘tic’, ‘tac’, ‘toe’]):
\n… print(i, v)
\n…
\n0 tic
\n1 tac
\n2 toe
\n\u540c\u65f6\u904d\u5386\u4e24\u4e2a\u6216\u66f4\u591a\u7684\u5e8f\u5217\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528 zip() \u7ec4\u5408\uff1a
\n>>> questions = [‘name’, ‘quest’, ‘favorite color’]
\n>>> answers = [‘lancelot’, ‘the holy grail’, ‘blue’]
\n>>> for q, a in zip(questions, answers):
\n… print(‘What is your {0}? It is {1}.’.format(q, a))
\n…
\nWhat is your name? It is lancelot.
\nWhat is your quest? It is the holy grail.
\nWhat is your favorite color? It is blue.
\n\u8981\u53cd\u5411\u904d\u5386\u4e00\u4e2a\u5e8f\u5217\uff0c\u9996\u5148\u6307\u5b9a\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5e8f\u5217\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u8c03\u7528 reversed() \u51fd\u6570\uff1a
\n>>> for i in reversed(range(1, 10, 2)):
\n… print(i)
\n…
\n9
\n7
\n5
\n3
\n1
\n\u8981\u6309\u987a\u5e8f\u904d\u5386\u4e00\u4e2a\u5e8f\u5217\uff0c\u4f7f\u7528 sorted() \u51fd\u6570\u8fd4\u56de\u4e00\u4e2a\u5df2\u6392\u5e8f\u7684\u5e8f\u5217\uff0c\u5e76\u4e0d\u4fee\u6539\u539f\u503c\uff1a
\n>>> basket = [‘apple’, ‘orange’, ‘apple’, ‘pear’, ‘orange’, ‘banana’]
\n>>> for f in sorted(set(basket)):
\n… print(f)
\n…
\napple
\nbanana
\norange
\npear
\n\u8f93\u5165\u548c\u8f93\u51fa
\n\u8f93\u51fa\u683c\u5f0f\u7f8e\u5316
\nPython\u4e24\u79cd\u8f93\u51fa\u503c\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f: \u8868\u8fbe\u5f0f\u8bed\u53e5\u548c print() \u51fd\u6570\u3002
\n\u7b2c\u4e09\u79cd\u65b9\u5f0f\u662f\u4f7f\u7528\u6587\u4ef6\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684 write() \u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u6807\u51c6\u8f93\u51fa\u6587\u4ef6\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528 sys.stdout \u5f15\u7528\u3002
\n\u5982\u679c\u4f60\u5e0c\u671b\u8f93\u51fa\u7684\u5f62\u5f0f\u66f4\u52a0\u591a\u6837\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528 str.format() \u51fd\u6570\u6765\u683c\u5f0f\u5316\u8f93\u51fa\u503c\u3002
\n\u5982\u679c\u4f60\u5e0c\u671b\u5c06\u8f93\u51fa\u7684\u503c\u8f6c\u6210\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528 repr() \u6216 str() \u51fd\u6570\u6765\u5b9e\u73b0\u3002
\nstr()\uff1a \u51fd\u6570\u8fd4\u56de\u4e00\u4e2a\u7528\u6237\u6613\u8bfb\u7684\u8868\u8fbe\u5f62\u5f0f\u3002
\nrepr()\uff1a \u4ea7\u751f\u4e00\u4e2a\u89e3\u91ca\u5668\u6613\u8bfb\u7684\u8868\u8fbe\u5f62\u5f0f\u3002
\n\u4f8b\u5982
\n>>> s = ‘Hello, Runoob’
\n>>> str(s)
\n‘Hello, Runoob’
\n>>> repr(s)
\n“‘Hello, Runoob'”
\n>>> str(1\/7)
\n‘0.14285714285714285’
\n>>> x = 10 * 3.25
\n>>> y = 200 * 200
\n>>> s = ‘x \u7684\u503c\u4e3a\uff1a ‘ + repr(x) + ‘, y \u7684\u503c\u4e3a\uff1a’ + repr(y) + ‘…’
\n>>> print(s)
\nx \u7684\u503c\u4e3a\uff1a 32.5, y \u7684\u503c\u4e3a\uff1a40000…
\n>>> # repr() \u51fd\u6570\u53ef\u4ee5\u8f6c\u4e49\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u4e2d\u7684\u7279\u6b8a\u5b57\u7b26
\n… hello = ‘hello, runoob\\n’
\n>>> hellos = repr(hello)
\n>>> print(hellos)
\n‘hello, runoob\\n’
\n>>> # repr() \u7684\u53c2\u6570\u53ef\u4ee5\u662f Python \u7684\u4efb\u4f55\u5bf9\u8c61
\n… repr((x, y, (‘Google’, ‘Runoob’)))
\n“(32.5, 40000, (‘Google’, ‘Runoob’))”
\n\u8fd9\u91cc\u6709\u4e24\u79cd\u65b9\u5f0f\u8f93\u51fa\u4e00\u4e2a\u5e73\u65b9\u4e0e\u7acb\u65b9\u7684\u8868:
\n>>> for x in range(1, 11):
\n… print(repr(x).rjust(2), repr(x*x).rjust(3), end=’ ‘)
\n… # \u6ce8\u610f\u524d\u4e00\u884c ‘end’ \u7684\u4f7f\u7528
\n… print(repr(x*x*x).rjust(4))
\n…
\n1 1 1
\n2 4 8
\n3 9 27
\n4 16 64
\n5 25 125
\n6 36 216
\n7 49 343
\n8 64 512
\n9 81 729
\n10 100 1000
\n>>> for x in range(1, 11):
\n… print(‘{0:2d} {1:3d} {2:4d}’.format(x, x*x, x*x*x))
\n…
\n1 1 1
\n2 4 8
\n3 9 27
\n4 16 64
\n5 25 125
\n6 36 216
\n7 49 343
\n8 64 512
\n9 81 729
\n10 100 1000
\n\u6ce8\u610f\uff1a\u5728\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u4f8b\u5b50\u4e2d, \u6bcf\u5217\u95f4\u7684\u7a7a\u683c\u7531 print() \u6dfb\u52a0\u3002
\n\u8fd9\u4e2a\u4f8b\u5b50\u5c55\u793a\u4e86\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684 rjust() \u65b9\u6cd5, \u5b83\u53ef\u4ee5\u5c06\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u9760\u53f3, \u5e76\u5728\u5de6\u8fb9\u586b\u5145\u7a7a\u683c\u3002
\n\u8fd8\u6709\u7c7b\u4f3c\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5, \u5982 ljust() \u548c center()\u3002 \u8fd9\u4e9b\u65b9\u6cd5\u5e76\u4e0d\u4f1a\u5199\u4efb\u4f55\u4e1c\u897f, \u5b83\u4eec\u4ec5\u4ec5\u8fd4\u56de\u65b0\u7684\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u3002
\n\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u65b9\u6cd5 zfill(), \u5b83\u4f1a\u5728\u6570\u5b57\u7684\u5de6\u8fb9\u586b\u5145 0\uff0c\u5982\u4e0b\u6240\u793a\uff1a
\n>>> ’12’.zfill(5)
\n‘00012’
\n>>> ‘-3.14’.zfill(7)
\n‘-003.14’
\n>>> ‘3.14159265359’.zfill(5)
\n‘3.14159265359’
\nstr.format() \u7684\u57fa\u672c\u4f7f\u7528\u5982\u4e0b:
\n>>> print(‘{}\u7f51\u5740\uff1a “{}!”‘.format(‘\u83dc\u9e1f\u6559\u7a0b’, ‘www.runoob.com’))
\n\u83dc\u9e1f\u6559\u7a0b\u7f51\u5740\uff1a “www.runoob.com!”
\n\u62ec\u53f7\u53ca\u5176\u91cc\u9762\u7684\u5b57\u7b26 (\u79f0\u4f5c\u683c\u5f0f\u5316\u5b57\u6bb5) \u5c06\u4f1a\u88ab format() \u4e2d\u7684\u53c2\u6570\u66ff\u6362\u3002
\n\u5728\u62ec\u53f7\u4e2d\u7684\u6570\u5b57\u7528\u4e8e\u6307\u5411\u4f20\u5165\u5bf9\u8c61\u5728 format() \u4e2d\u7684\u4f4d\u7f6e\uff0c\u5982\u4e0b\u6240\u793a\uff1a
\n>>> print(‘{0} \u548c {1}’.format(‘Google’, ‘Runoob’))
\nGoogle \u548c Runoob
\n>>> print(‘{1} \u548c {0}’.format(‘Google’, ‘Runoob’))
\nRunoob \u548c Google
\n\u5982\u679c\u5728 format() \u4e2d\u4f7f\u7528\u4e86\u5173\u952e\u5b57\u53c2\u6570, \u90a3\u4e48\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u503c\u4f1a\u6307\u5411\u4f7f\u7528\u8be5\u540d\u5b57\u7684\u53c2\u6570\u3002
\n>>> print(‘{name}\u7f51\u5740\uff1a {site}’.format(name=’\u83dc\u9e1f\u6559\u7a0b’, site=’www.runoob.com’))
\n\u83dc\u9e1f\u6559\u7a0b\u7f51\u5740\uff1a www.runoob.com
\n\u4f4d\u7f6e\u53ca\u5173\u952e\u5b57\u53c2\u6570\u53ef\u4ee5\u4efb\u610f\u7684\u7ed3\u5408:
\n>>> print(‘\u7ad9\u70b9\u5217\u8868 {0}, {1}, \u548c {other}\u3002’.format(‘Google’, ‘Runoob’, other=’Taobao’))
\n\u7ad9\u70b9\u5217\u8868 Google, Runoob, \u548c Taobao\u3002
\n!a (\u4f7f\u7528 ascii()), !s (\u4f7f\u7528 str()) \u548c !r (\u4f7f\u7528 repr()) \u53ef\u4ee5\u7528\u4e8e\u5728\u683c\u5f0f\u5316\u67d0\u4e2a\u503c\u4e4b\u524d\u5bf9\u5176\u8fdb\u884c\u8f6c\u5316:
\n>>> import math
\n>>> print(‘\u5e38\u91cf PI \u7684\u503c\u8fd1\u4f3c\u4e3a\uff1a {}\u3002’.format(math.pi))
\n\u5e38\u91cf PI \u7684\u503c\u8fd1\u4f3c\u4e3a\uff1a 3.141592653589793\u3002
\n>>> print(‘\u5e38\u91cf PI \u7684\u503c\u8fd1\u4f3c\u4e3a\uff1a {!r}\u3002’.format(math.pi))
\n\u5e38\u91cf PI \u7684\u503c\u8fd1\u4f3c\u4e3a\uff1a 3.141592653589793\u3002
\n\u53ef\u9009\u9879 : \u548c\u683c\u5f0f\u6807\u8bc6\u7b26\u53ef\u4ee5\u8ddf\u7740\u5b57\u6bb5\u540d\u3002 \u8fd9\u5c31\u5141\u8bb8\u5bf9\u503c\u8fdb\u884c\u66f4\u597d\u7684\u683c\u5f0f\u5316\u3002 \u4e0b\u9762\u7684\u4f8b\u5b50\u5c06 Pi \u4fdd\u7559\u5230\u5c0f\u6570\u70b9\u540e\u4e09\u4f4d\uff1a
\n>>> import math
\n>>> print(‘\u5e38\u91cf PI \u7684\u503c\u8fd1\u4f3c\u4e3a {0:.3f}\u3002’.format(math.pi))
\n\u5e38\u91cf PI \u7684\u503c\u8fd1\u4f3c\u4e3a 3.142\u3002
\n\u5728 : \u540e\u4f20\u5165\u4e00\u4e2a\u6574\u6570, \u53ef\u4ee5\u4fdd\u8bc1\u8be5\u57df\u81f3\u5c11\u6709\u8fd9\u4e48\u591a\u7684\u5bbd\u5ea6\u3002 \u7528\u4e8e\u7f8e\u5316\u8868\u683c\u65f6\u5f88\u6709\u7528\u3002
\n>>> table = {‘Google’: 1, ‘Runoob’: 2, ‘Taobao’: 3}
\n>>> for name, number in table.items():
\n… print(‘{0:10} ==> {1:10d}’.format(name, number))
\n…
\nGoogle ==> 1
\nRunoob ==> 2
\nTaobao ==> 3
\n\u5982\u679c\u4f60\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u5f88\u957f\u7684\u683c\u5f0f\u5316\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32, \u800c\u4f60\u4e0d\u60f3\u5c06\u5b83\u4eec\u5206\u5f00, \u90a3\u4e48\u5728\u683c\u5f0f\u5316\u65f6\u901a\u8fc7\u53d8\u91cf\u540d\u800c\u975e\u4f4d\u7f6e\u4f1a\u662f\u5f88\u597d\u7684\u4e8b\u60c5\u3002
\n\u6700\u7b80\u5355\u7684\u5c31\u662f\u4f20\u5165\u4e00\u4e2a\u5b57\u5178, \u7136\u540e\u4f7f\u7528\u65b9\u62ec\u53f7 [] \u6765\u8bbf\u95ee\u952e\u503c :
\n>>> table = {‘Google’: 1, ‘Runoob’: 2, ‘Taobao’: 3}
\n>>> print(‘Runoob: {0[Runoob]:d}; Google: {0[Google]:d}; Taobao: {0[Taobao]:d}’.format(table))
\nRunoob: 2; Google: 1; Taobao: 3
\n\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u901a\u8fc7\u5728 table \u53d8\u91cf\u524d\u4f7f\u7528 ** \u6765\u5b9e\u73b0\u76f8\u540c\u7684\u529f\u80fd\uff1a
\n>>> table = {‘Google’: 1, ‘Runoob’: 2, ‘Taobao’: 3}
\n>>> print(‘Runoob: {Runoob:d}; Google: {Google:d}; Taobao: {Taobao:d}’.format(**table))
\nRunoob: 2; Google: 1; Taobao: 3
\n\u65e7\u5f0f\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u683c\u5f0f\u5316
\n% \u64cd\u4f5c\u7b26\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u5b9e\u73b0\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u683c\u5f0f\u5316\u3002 \u5b83\u5c06\u5de6\u8fb9\u7684\u53c2\u6570\u4f5c\u4e3a\u7c7b\u4f3c sprintf() \u5f0f\u7684\u683c\u5f0f\u5316\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32, \u800c\u5c06\u53f3\u8fb9\u7684\u4ee3\u5165, \u7136\u540e\u8fd4\u56de\u683c\u5f0f\u5316\u540e\u7684\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32. \u4f8b\u5982:
\n>>> import math
\n>>> print(‘\u5e38\u91cf PI \u7684\u503c\u8fd1\u4f3c\u4e3a\uff1a%5.3f\u3002’ % math.pi)
\n\u5e38\u91cf PI \u7684\u503c\u8fd1\u4f3c\u4e3a\uff1a3.142\u3002
\n\u56e0\u4e3a str.format() \u6bd4\u8f83\u65b0\u7684\u51fd\u6570\uff0c \u5927\u591a\u6570\u7684 Python \u4ee3\u7801\u4ecd\u7136\u4f7f\u7528 % \u64cd\u4f5c\u7b26\u3002\u4f46\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u8fd9\u79cd\u65e7\u5f0f\u7684\u683c\u5f0f\u5316\u6700\u7ec8\u4f1a\u4ece\u8be5\u8bed\u8a00\u4e2d\u79fb\u9664, \u5e94\u8be5\u66f4\u591a\u7684\u4f7f\u7528 str.format().
\n\u8bfb\u53d6\u952e\u76d8\u8f93\u5165
\nPython\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86 input() \u5185\u7f6e\u51fd\u6570\u4ece\u6807\u51c6\u8f93\u5165\u8bfb\u5165\u4e00\u884c\u6587\u672c\uff0c\u9ed8\u8ba4\u7684\u6807\u51c6\u8f93\u5165\u662f\u952e\u76d8\u3002
\ninput \u53ef\u4ee5\u63a5\u6536\u4e00\u4e2aPython\u8868\u8fbe\u5f0f\u4f5c\u4e3a\u8f93\u5165\uff0c\u5e76\u5c06\u8fd0\u7b97\u7ed3\u679c\u8fd4\u56de\u3002
\n\u5b9e\u4f8b
\n#!\/usr\/bin\/python3
\nstr = input(“\u8bf7\u8f93\u5165\uff1a”);
\nprint (“\u4f60\u8f93\u5165\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\u662f: “, str)
\n\u8fd9\u4f1a\u4ea7\u751f\u5982\u4e0b\u7684\u5bf9\u5e94\u7740\u8f93\u5165\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\uff1a
\n\u8bf7\u8f93\u5165\uff1a\u83dc\u9e1f\u6559\u7a0b
\n\u4f60\u8f93\u5165\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\u662f: \u83dc\u9e1f\u6559\u7a0b
\n\u8bfb\u548c\u5199\u6587\u4ef6
\nopen() \u5c06\u4f1a\u8fd4\u56de\u4e00\u4e2a file \u5bf9\u8c61\uff0c\u57fa\u672c\u8bed\u6cd5\u683c\u5f0f\u5982\u4e0b:
\nopen(filename, mode)
\nfilename\uff1a\u5305\u542b\u4e86\u4f60\u8981\u8bbf\u95ee\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\u540d\u79f0\u7684\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u503c\u3002
\nmode\uff1a\u51b3\u5b9a\u4e86\u6253\u5f00\u6587\u4ef6\u7684\u6a21\u5f0f\uff1a\u53ea\u8bfb\uff0c\u5199\u5165\uff0c\u8ffd\u52a0\u7b49\u3002\u6240\u6709\u53ef\u53d6\u503c\u89c1\u5982\u4e0b\u7684\u5b8c\u5168\u5217\u8868\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a\u53c2\u6570\u662f\u975e\u5f3a\u5236\u7684\uff0c\u9ed8\u8ba4\u6587\u4ef6\u8bbf\u95ee\u6a21\u5f0f\u4e3a\u53ea\u8bfb(r)\u3002
\n\u4e0d\u540c\u6a21\u5f0f\u6253\u5f00\u6587\u4ef6\u7684\u5b8c\u5168\u5217\u8868\uff1a
\n\u6a21\u5f0f \u63cf\u8ff0
\nr \u4ee5\u53ea\u8bfb\u65b9\u5f0f\u6253\u5f00\u6587\u4ef6\u3002\u6587\u4ef6\u7684\u6307\u9488\u5c06\u4f1a\u653e\u5728\u6587\u4ef6\u7684\u5f00\u5934\u3002\u8fd9\u662f\u9ed8\u8ba4\u6a21\u5f0f\u3002
\nrb \u4ee5\u4e8c\u8fdb\u5236\u683c\u5f0f\u6253\u5f00\u4e00\u4e2a\u6587\u4ef6\u7528\u4e8e\u53ea\u8bfb\u3002\u6587\u4ef6\u6307\u9488\u5c06\u4f1a\u653e\u5728\u6587\u4ef6\u7684\u5f00\u5934\u3002
\nr+ \u6253\u5f00\u4e00\u4e2a\u6587\u4ef6\u7528\u4e8e\u8bfb\u5199\u3002\u6587\u4ef6\u6307\u9488\u5c06\u4f1a\u653e\u5728\u6587\u4ef6\u7684\u5f00\u5934\u3002
\nrb+ \u4ee5\u4e8c\u8fdb\u5236\u683c\u5f0f\u6253\u5f00\u4e00\u4e2a\u6587\u4ef6\u7528\u4e8e\u8bfb\u5199\u3002\u6587\u4ef6\u6307\u9488\u5c06\u4f1a\u653e\u5728\u6587\u4ef6\u7684\u5f00\u5934\u3002
\nw \u6253\u5f00\u4e00\u4e2a\u6587\u4ef6\u53ea\u7528\u4e8e\u5199\u5165\u3002\u5982\u679c\u8be5\u6587\u4ef6\u5df2\u5b58\u5728\u5219\u6253\u5f00\u6587\u4ef6\uff0c\u5e76\u4ece\u5f00\u5934\u5f00\u59cb\u7f16\u8f91\uff0c\u5373\u539f\u6709\u5185\u5bb9\u4f1a\u88ab\u5220\u9664\u3002\u5982\u679c\u8be5\u6587\u4ef6\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u521b\u5efa\u65b0\u6587\u4ef6\u3002
\nwb \u4ee5\u4e8c\u8fdb\u5236\u683c\u5f0f\u6253\u5f00\u4e00\u4e2a\u6587\u4ef6\u53ea\u7528\u4e8e\u5199\u5165\u3002\u5982\u679c\u8be5\u6587\u4ef6\u5df2\u5b58\u5728\u5219\u6253\u5f00\u6587\u4ef6\uff0c\u5e76\u4ece\u5f00\u5934\u5f00\u59cb\u7f16\u8f91\uff0c\u5373\u539f\u6709\u5185\u5bb9\u4f1a\u88ab\u5220\u9664\u3002\u5982\u679c\u8be5\u6587\u4ef6\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u521b\u5efa\u65b0\u6587\u4ef6\u3002
\nw+ \u6253\u5f00\u4e00\u4e2a\u6587\u4ef6\u7528\u4e8e\u8bfb\u5199\u3002\u5982\u679c\u8be5\u6587\u4ef6\u5df2\u5b58\u5728\u5219\u6253\u5f00\u6587\u4ef6\uff0c\u5e76\u4ece\u5f00\u5934\u5f00\u59cb\u7f16\u8f91\uff0c\u5373\u539f\u6709\u5185\u5bb9\u4f1a\u88ab\u5220\u9664\u3002\u5982\u679c\u8be5\u6587\u4ef6\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u521b\u5efa\u65b0\u6587\u4ef6\u3002
\nwb+ \u4ee5\u4e8c\u8fdb\u5236\u683c\u5f0f\u6253\u5f00\u4e00\u4e2a\u6587\u4ef6\u7528\u4e8e\u8bfb\u5199\u3002\u5982\u679c\u8be5\u6587\u4ef6\u5df2\u5b58\u5728\u5219\u6253\u5f00\u6587\u4ef6\uff0c\u5e76\u4ece\u5f00\u5934\u5f00\u59cb\u7f16\u8f91\uff0c\u5373\u539f\u6709\u5185\u5bb9\u4f1a\u88ab\u5220\u9664\u3002\u5982\u679c\u8be5\u6587\u4ef6\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u521b\u5efa\u65b0\u6587\u4ef6\u3002
\na \u6253\u5f00\u4e00\u4e2a\u6587\u4ef6\u7528\u4e8e\u8ffd\u52a0\u3002\u5982\u679c\u8be5\u6587\u4ef6\u5df2\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u6587\u4ef6\u6307\u9488\u5c06\u4f1a\u653e\u5728\u6587\u4ef6\u7684\u7ed3\u5c3e\u3002\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8bf4\uff0c\u65b0\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\u5c06\u4f1a\u88ab\u5199\u5165\u5230\u5df2\u6709\u5185\u5bb9\u4e4b\u540e\u3002\u5982\u679c\u8be5\u6587\u4ef6\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u521b\u5efa\u65b0\u6587\u4ef6\u8fdb\u884c\u5199\u5165\u3002
\nab \u4ee5\u4e8c\u8fdb\u5236\u683c\u5f0f\u6253\u5f00\u4e00\u4e2a\u6587\u4ef6\u7528\u4e8e\u8ffd\u52a0\u3002\u5982\u679c\u8be5\u6587\u4ef6\u5df2\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u6587\u4ef6\u6307\u9488\u5c06\u4f1a\u653e\u5728\u6587\u4ef6\u7684\u7ed3\u5c3e\u3002\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8bf4\uff0c\u65b0\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\u5c06\u4f1a\u88ab\u5199\u5165\u5230\u5df2\u6709\u5185\u5bb9\u4e4b\u540e\u3002\u5982\u679c\u8be5\u6587\u4ef6\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u521b\u5efa\u65b0\u6587\u4ef6\u8fdb\u884c\u5199\u5165\u3002
\na+ \u6253\u5f00\u4e00\u4e2a\u6587\u4ef6\u7528\u4e8e\u8bfb\u5199\u3002\u5982\u679c\u8be5\u6587\u4ef6\u5df2\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u6587\u4ef6\u6307\u9488\u5c06\u4f1a\u653e\u5728\u6587\u4ef6\u7684\u7ed3\u5c3e\u3002\u6587\u4ef6\u6253\u5f00\u65f6\u4f1a\u662f\u8ffd\u52a0\u6a21\u5f0f\u3002\u5982\u679c\u8be5\u6587\u4ef6\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u521b\u5efa\u65b0\u6587\u4ef6\u7528\u4e8e\u8bfb\u5199\u3002
\nab+ \u4ee5\u4e8c\u8fdb\u5236\u683c\u5f0f\u6253\u5f00\u4e00\u4e2a\u6587\u4ef6\u7528\u4e8e\u8ffd\u52a0\u3002\u5982\u679c\u8be5\u6587\u4ef6\u5df2\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u6587\u4ef6\u6307\u9488\u5c06\u4f1a\u653e\u5728\u6587\u4ef6\u7684\u7ed3\u5c3e\u3002\u5982\u679c\u8be5\u6587\u4ef6\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u521b\u5efa\u65b0\u6587\u4ef6\u7528\u4e8e\u8bfb\u5199\u3002
\n\u4e0b\u56fe\u5f88\u597d\u7684\u603b\u7ed3\u4e86\u8fd9\u51e0\u79cd\u6a21\u5f0f\uff1a<\/p>\n
\u6a21\u5f0f r r+ w w+ a a+
\n\u8bfb + + + +
\n\u5199 + + + + +
\n\u521b\u5efa + + + +
\n\u8986\u76d6 + +
\n\u6307\u9488\u5728\u5f00\u59cb + + + +
\n\u6307\u9488\u5728\u7ed3\u5c3e + +
\n\u4ee5\u4e0b\u5b9e\u4f8b\u5c06\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u5199\u5165\u5230\u6587\u4ef6 foo.txt \u4e2d\uff1a
\n\u5b9e\u4f8b
\n#!\/usr\/bin\/python3
\n# \u6253\u5f00\u4e00\u4e2a\u6587\u4ef6
\nf = open(“\/tmp\/foo.txt”, “w”)
\nf.write( “Python \u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u975e\u5e38\u597d\u7684\u8bed\u8a00\u3002\\n\u662f\u7684\uff0c\u7684\u786e\u975e\u5e38\u597d!!\\n” )
\n# \u5173\u95ed\u6253\u5f00\u7684\u6587\u4ef6
\nf.close()
\n\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u53c2\u6570\u4e3a\u8981\u6253\u5f00\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\u540d\u3002
\n\u7b2c\u4e8c\u4e2a\u53c2\u6570\u63cf\u8ff0\u6587\u4ef6\u5982\u4f55\u4f7f\u7528\u7684\u5b57\u7b26\u3002 mode \u53ef\u4ee5\u662f ‘r’ \u5982\u679c\u6587\u4ef6\u53ea\u8bfb, ‘w’ \u53ea\u7528\u4e8e\u5199 (\u5982\u679c\u5b58\u5728\u540c\u540d\u6587\u4ef6\u5219\u5c06\u88ab\u5220\u9664), \u548c ‘a’ \u7528\u4e8e\u8ffd\u52a0\u6587\u4ef6\u5185\u5bb9; \u6240\u5199\u7684\u4efb\u4f55\u6570\u636e\u90fd\u4f1a\u88ab\u81ea\u52a8\u589e\u52a0\u5230\u672b\u5c3e. ‘r+’ \u540c\u65f6\u7528\u4e8e\u8bfb\u5199\u3002 mode \u53c2\u6570\u662f\u53ef\u9009\u7684; ‘r’ \u5c06\u662f\u9ed8\u8ba4\u503c\u3002
\n\u6b64\u65f6\u6253\u5f00\u6587\u4ef6 foo.txt,\u663e\u793a\u5982\u4e0b\uff1a
\n$ cat \/tmp\/foo.txt
\nPython \u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u975e\u5e38\u597d\u7684\u8bed\u8a00\u3002
\n\u662f\u7684\uff0c\u7684\u786e\u975e\u5e38\u597d!!
\n\u6587\u4ef6\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5
\n\u672c\u8282\u4e2d\u5269\u4e0b\u7684\u4f8b\u5b50\u5047\u8bbe\u5df2\u7ecf\u521b\u5efa\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u79f0\u4e3a f \u7684\u6587\u4ef6\u5bf9\u8c61\u3002
\nf.read()
\n\u4e3a\u4e86\u8bfb\u53d6\u4e00\u4e2a\u6587\u4ef6\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\uff0c\u8c03\u7528 f.read(size), \u8fd9\u5c06\u8bfb\u53d6\u4e00\u5b9a\u6570\u76ee\u7684\u6570\u636e, \u7136\u540e\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u6216\u5b57\u8282\u5bf9\u8c61\u8fd4\u56de\u3002
\nsize \u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u53ef\u9009\u7684\u6570\u5b57\u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u53c2\u6570\u3002 \u5f53 size \u88ab\u5ffd\u7565\u4e86\u6216\u8005\u4e3a\u8d1f, \u90a3\u4e48\u8be5\u6587\u4ef6\u7684\u6240\u6709\u5185\u5bb9\u90fd\u5c06\u88ab\u8bfb\u53d6\u5e76\u4e14\u8fd4\u56de\u3002
\n\u4ee5\u4e0b\u5b9e\u4f8b\u5047\u5b9a\u6587\u4ef6 foo.txt \u5df2\u5b58\u5728\uff08\u4e0a\u9762\u5b9e\u4f8b\u4e2d\u5df2\u521b\u5efa\uff09\uff1a
\n\u5b9e\u4f8b
\n#!\/usr\/bin\/python3
\n# \u6253\u5f00\u4e00\u4e2a\u6587\u4ef6
\nf = open(“\/tmp\/foo.txt”, “r”)
\nstr = f.read()
\nprint(str)
\n# \u5173\u95ed\u6253\u5f00\u7684\u6587\u4ef6
\nf.close()
\n\u6267\u884c\u4ee5\u4e0a\u7a0b\u5e8f\uff0c\u8f93\u51fa\u7ed3\u679c\u4e3a\uff1a
\nPython \u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u975e\u5e38\u597d\u7684\u8bed\u8a00\u3002
\n\u662f\u7684\uff0c\u7684\u786e\u975e\u5e38\u597d!!
\nf.readline()
\nf.readline() \u4f1a\u4ece\u6587\u4ef6\u4e2d\u8bfb\u53d6\u5355\u72ec\u7684\u4e00\u884c\u3002\u6362\u884c\u7b26\u4e3a ‘\\n’\u3002f.readline() \u5982\u679c\u8fd4\u56de\u4e00\u4e2a\u7a7a\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32, \u8bf4\u660e\u5df2\u7ecf\u5df2\u7ecf\u8bfb\u53d6\u5230\u6700\u540e\u4e00\u884c\u3002
\n\u5b9e\u4f8b
\n#!\/usr\/bin\/python3
\n# \u6253\u5f00\u4e00\u4e2a\u6587\u4ef6
\nf = open(“\/tmp\/foo.txt”, “r”)
\nstr = f.readline()
\nprint(str)
\n# \u5173\u95ed\u6253\u5f00\u7684\u6587\u4ef6
\nf.close()
\n\u6267\u884c\u4ee5\u4e0a\u7a0b\u5e8f\uff0c\u8f93\u51fa\u7ed3\u679c\u4e3a\uff1a
\nPython \u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u975e\u5e38\u597d\u7684\u8bed\u8a00\u3002
\nf.readlines()
\nf.readlines() \u5c06\u8fd4\u56de\u8be5\u6587\u4ef6\u4e2d\u5305\u542b\u7684\u6240\u6709\u884c\u3002
\n\u5982\u679c\u8bbe\u7f6e\u53ef\u9009\u53c2\u6570 sizehint, \u5219\u8bfb\u53d6\u6307\u5b9a\u957f\u5ea6\u7684\u5b57\u8282, \u5e76\u4e14\u5c06\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5b57\u8282\u6309\u884c\u5206\u5272\u3002
\n\u5b9e\u4f8b
\n#!\/usr\/bin\/python3
\n# \u6253\u5f00\u4e00\u4e2a\u6587\u4ef6
\nf = open(“\/tmp\/foo.txt”, “r”)
\nstr = f.readlines()
\nprint(str)
\n# \u5173\u95ed\u6253\u5f00\u7684\u6587\u4ef6
\nf.close()
\n\u6267\u884c\u4ee5\u4e0a\u7a0b\u5e8f\uff0c\u8f93\u51fa\u7ed3\u679c\u4e3a\uff1a
\n[‘Python \u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u975e\u5e38\u597d\u7684\u8bed\u8a00\u3002\\n’, ‘\u662f\u7684\uff0c\u7684\u786e\u975e\u5e38\u597d!!\\n’]
\n\u53e6\u4e00\u79cd\u65b9\u5f0f\u662f\u8fed\u4ee3\u4e00\u4e2a\u6587\u4ef6\u5bf9\u8c61\u7136\u540e\u8bfb\u53d6\u6bcf\u884c:
\n\u5b9e\u4f8b
\n#!\/usr\/bin\/python3
\n# \u6253\u5f00\u4e00\u4e2a\u6587\u4ef6
\nf = open(“\/tmp\/foo.txt”, “r”)
\nfor line in f:
\nprint(line, end=”)
\n# \u5173\u95ed\u6253\u5f00\u7684\u6587\u4ef6
\nf.close()
\n\u6267\u884c\u4ee5\u4e0a\u7a0b\u5e8f\uff0c\u8f93\u51fa\u7ed3\u679c\u4e3a\uff1a
\nPython \u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u975e\u5e38\u597d\u7684\u8bed\u8a00\u3002
\n\u662f\u7684\uff0c\u7684\u786e\u975e\u5e38\u597d!!
\n\u8fd9\u4e2a\u65b9\u6cd5\u5f88\u7b80\u5355, \u4f46\u662f\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e00\u4e2a\u5f88\u597d\u7684\u63a7\u5236\u3002 \u56e0\u4e3a\u4e24\u8005\u7684\u5904\u7406\u673a\u5236\u4e0d\u540c, \u6700\u597d\u4e0d\u8981\u6df7\u7528\u3002
\nf.write()
\nf.write(string) \u5c06 string \u5199\u5165\u5230\u6587\u4ef6\u4e2d, \u7136\u540e\u8fd4\u56de\u5199\u5165\u7684\u5b57\u7b26\u6570\u3002
\n\u5b9e\u4f8b
\n#!\/usr\/bin\/python3
\n# \u6253\u5f00\u4e00\u4e2a\u6587\u4ef6
\nf = open(“\/tmp\/foo.txt”, “w”)
\nnum = f.write( “Python \u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u975e\u5e38\u597d\u7684\u8bed\u8a00\u3002\\n\u662f\u7684\uff0c\u7684\u786e\u975e\u5e38\u597d!!\\n” )
\nprint(num)
\n# \u5173\u95ed\u6253\u5f00\u7684\u6587\u4ef6
\nf.close()
\n\u6267\u884c\u4ee5\u4e0a\u7a0b\u5e8f\uff0c\u8f93\u51fa\u7ed3\u679c\u4e3a\uff1a
\n29
\n\u5982\u679c\u8981\u5199\u5165\u4e00\u4e9b\u4e0d\u662f\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u7684\u4e1c\u897f, \u90a3\u4e48\u5c06\u9700\u8981\u5148\u8fdb\u884c\u8f6c\u6362:
\n\u5b9e\u4f8b
\n#!\/usr\/bin\/python3
\n# \u6253\u5f00\u4e00\u4e2a\u6587\u4ef6
\nf = open(“\/tmp\/foo1.txt”, “w”)
\nvalue = (‘www.runoob.com’, 14)
\ns = str(value)
\nf.write(s)
\n# \u5173\u95ed\u6253\u5f00\u7684\u6587\u4ef6
\nf.close()
\n\u6267\u884c\u4ee5\u4e0a\u7a0b\u5e8f\uff0c\u6253\u5f00 foo1.txt \u6587\u4ef6\uff1a
\n$ cat \/tmp\/foo1.txt
\n(‘www.runoob.com’, 14)
\nf.tell()
\nf.tell() \u8fd4\u56de\u6587\u4ef6\u5bf9\u8c61\u5f53\u524d\u6240\u5904\u7684\u4f4d\u7f6e, \u5b83\u662f\u4ece\u6587\u4ef6\u5f00\u5934\u5f00\u59cb\u7b97\u8d77\u7684\u5b57\u8282\u6570\u3002
\nf.seek()
\n\u5982\u679c\u8981\u6539\u53d8\u6587\u4ef6\u5f53\u524d\u7684\u4f4d\u7f6e, \u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528 f.seek(offset, from_what) \u51fd\u6570\u3002
\nfrom_what \u7684\u503c, \u5982\u679c\u662f 0 \u8868\u793a\u5f00\u5934, \u5982\u679c\u662f 1 \u8868\u793a\u5f53\u524d\u4f4d\u7f6e, 2 \u8868\u793a\u6587\u4ef6\u7684\u7ed3\u5c3e\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\uff1a
\nseek(x,0) \uff1a \u4ece\u8d77\u59cb\u4f4d\u7f6e\u5373\u6587\u4ef6\u9996\u884c\u9996\u5b57\u7b26\u5f00\u59cb\u79fb\u52a8 x \u4e2a\u5b57\u7b26
\nseek(x,1) \uff1a \u8868\u793a\u4ece\u5f53\u524d\u4f4d\u7f6e\u5f80\u540e\u79fb\u52a8x\u4e2a\u5b57\u7b26
\nseek(-x,2)\uff1a\u8868\u793a\u4ece\u6587\u4ef6\u7684\u7ed3\u5c3e\u5f80\u524d\u79fb\u52a8x\u4e2a\u5b57\u7b26
\nfrom_what \u503c\u4e3a\u9ed8\u8ba4\u4e3a0\uff0c\u5373\u6587\u4ef6\u5f00\u5934\u3002\u4e0b\u9762\u7ed9\u51fa\u4e00\u4e2a\u5b8c\u6574\u7684\u4f8b\u5b50\uff1a
\n>>> f = open(‘\/tmp\/foo.txt’, ‘rb+’)
\n>>> f.write(b’0123456789abcdef’)
\n16
\n>>> f.seek(5) # \u79fb\u52a8\u5230\u6587\u4ef6\u7684\u7b2c\u516d\u4e2a\u5b57\u8282
\n5
\n>>> f.read(1)
\nb’5′
\n>>> f.seek(-3, 2) # \u79fb\u52a8\u5230\u6587\u4ef6\u7684\u5012\u6570\u7b2c\u4e09\u5b57\u8282
\n13
\n>>> f.read(1)
\nb’d’
\nf.close()
\n\u5728\u6587\u672c\u6587\u4ef6\u4e2d (\u90a3\u4e9b\u6253\u5f00\u6587\u4ef6\u7684\u6a21\u5f0f\u4e0b\u6ca1\u6709 b \u7684), \u53ea\u4f1a\u76f8\u5bf9\u4e8e\u6587\u4ef6\u8d77\u59cb\u4f4d\u7f6e\u8fdb\u884c\u5b9a\u4f4d\u3002
\n\u5f53\u4f60\u5904\u7406\u5b8c\u4e00\u4e2a\u6587\u4ef6\u540e, \u8c03\u7528 f.close() \u6765\u5173\u95ed\u6587\u4ef6\u5e76\u91ca\u653e\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u8d44\u6e90\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u5c1d\u8bd5\u518d\u8c03\u7528\u8be5\u6587\u4ef6\uff0c\u5219\u4f1a\u629b\u51fa\u5f02\u5e38\u3002
\n>>> f.close()
\n>>> f.read()
\nTraceback (most recent call last):
\nFile “<stdin>”, line 1, in ?
\nValueError: I\/O operation on closed file
\n\u5f53\u5904\u7406\u4e00\u4e2a\u6587\u4ef6\u5bf9\u8c61\u65f6, \u4f7f\u7528 with \u5173\u952e\u5b57\u662f\u975e\u5e38\u597d\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u3002\u5728\u7ed3\u675f\u540e, \u5b83\u4f1a\u5e2e\u4f60\u6b63\u786e\u7684\u5173\u95ed\u6587\u4ef6\u3002 \u800c\u4e14\u5199\u8d77\u6765\u4e5f\u6bd4 try – finally \u8bed\u53e5\u5757\u8981\u7b80\u77ed:
\n>>> with open(‘\/tmp\/foo.txt’, ‘r’) as f:
\n… read_data = f.read()
\n>>> f.closed
\nTrue
\n\u6587\u4ef6\u5bf9\u8c61\u8fd8\u6709\u5176\u4ed6\u65b9\u6cd5, \u5982 isatty() \u548c trucate(), \u4f46\u8fd9\u4e9b\u901a\u5e38\u6bd4\u8f83\u5c11\u7528\u3002
\npickle \u6a21\u5757
\npython\u7684pickle\u6a21\u5757\u5b9e\u73b0\u4e86\u57fa\u672c\u7684\u6570\u636e\u5e8f\u5217\u548c\u53cd\u5e8f\u5217\u5316\u3002
\n\u901a\u8fc7pickle\u6a21\u5757\u7684\u5e8f\u5217\u5316\u64cd\u4f5c\u6211\u4eec\u80fd\u591f\u5c06\u7a0b\u5e8f\u4e2d\u8fd0\u884c\u7684\u5bf9\u8c61\u4fe1\u606f\u4fdd\u5b58\u5230\u6587\u4ef6\u4e2d\u53bb\uff0c\u6c38\u4e45\u5b58\u50a8\u3002
\n\u901a\u8fc7pickle\u6a21\u5757\u7684\u53cd\u5e8f\u5217\u5316\u64cd\u4f5c\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u80fd\u591f\u4ece\u6587\u4ef6\u4e2d\u521b\u5efa\u4e0a\u4e00\u6b21\u7a0b\u5e8f\u4fdd\u5b58\u7684\u5bf9\u8c61\u3002
\n\u57fa\u672c\u63a5\u53e3\uff1a
\npickle.dump(obj, file, [,protocol])
\n\u6709\u4e86 pickle \u8fd9\u4e2a\u5bf9\u8c61, \u5c31\u80fd\u5bf9 file \u4ee5\u8bfb\u53d6\u7684\u5f62\u5f0f\u6253\u5f00:
\nx = pickle.load(file)
\n\u6ce8\u89e3\uff1a\u4ece file \u4e2d\u8bfb\u53d6\u4e00\u4e2a\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\uff0c\u5e76\u5c06\u5b83\u91cd\u6784\u4e3a\u539f\u6765\u7684python\u5bf9\u8c61\u3002
\nfile: \u7c7b\u6587\u4ef6\u5bf9\u8c61\uff0c\u6709read()\u548creadline()\u63a5\u53e3\u3002
\n\u5b9e\u4f8b 1
\n#!\/usr\/bin\/python3
\nimport pickle
\n# \u4f7f\u7528pickle\u6a21\u5757\u5c06\u6570\u636e\u5bf9\u8c61\u4fdd\u5b58\u5230\u6587\u4ef6
\ndata1 = {‘a’: [1, 2.0, 3, 4+6j],
\n‘b’: (‘string’, u’Unicode string’),
\n‘c’: None}
\nselfref_list = [1, 2, 3]
\nselfref_list.append(selfref_list)
\noutput = open(‘data.pkl’, ‘wb’)
\n# Pickle dictionary using protocol 0.
\npickle.dump(data1, output)
\n# Pickle the list using the highest protocol available.
\npickle.dump(selfref_list, output, -1)
\noutput.close()
\n\u5b9e\u4f8b 2
\n#!\/usr\/bin\/python3
\nimport pprint, pickle
\n#\u4f7f\u7528pickle\u6a21\u5757\u4ece\u6587\u4ef6\u4e2d\u91cd\u6784python\u5bf9\u8c61
\npkl_file = open(‘data.pkl’, ‘rb’)
\ndata1 = pickle.load(pkl_file)
\npprint.pprint(data1)
\ndata2 = pickle.load(pkl_file)
\npprint.pprint(data2)
\npkl_file.close()
\n\u9519\u8bef\u548c\u5f02\u5e38
\n\u8bed\u6cd5\u9519\u8bef
\nPython \u7684\u8bed\u6cd5\u9519\u8bef\u6216\u8005\u79f0\u4e4b\u4e3a\u89e3\u6790\u9519\uff0c\u662f\u521d\u5b66\u8005\u7ecf\u5e38\u78b0\u5230\u7684\uff0c\u5982\u4e0b\u5b9e\u4f8b
\n>>>while True print(‘Hello world’)
\nFile “<stdin>”, line 1, in ?
\nwhile True print(‘Hello world’)
\n^
\nSyntaxError: invalid syntax
\n\u8fd9\u4e2a\u4f8b\u5b50\u4e2d\uff0c\u51fd\u6570 print() \u88ab\u68c0\u67e5\u5230\u6709\u9519\u8bef\uff0c\u662f\u5b83\u524d\u9762\u7f3a\u5c11\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u5192\u53f7\uff08:\uff09\u3002
\n\u8bed\u6cd5\u5206\u6790\u5668\u6307\u51fa\u4e86\u51fa\u9519\u7684\u4e00\u884c\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u5728\u6700\u5148\u627e\u5230\u7684\u9519\u8bef\u7684\u4f4d\u7f6e\u6807\u8bb0\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u5c0f\u5c0f\u7684\u7bad\u5934\u3002
\n\u5f02\u5e38
\n\u5373\u4fbfPython\u7a0b\u5e8f\u7684\u8bed\u6cd5\u662f\u6b63\u786e\u7684\uff0c\u5728\u8fd0\u884c\u5b83\u7684\u65f6\u5019\uff0c\u4e5f\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u53d1\u751f\u9519\u8bef\u3002\u8fd0\u884c\u671f\u68c0\u6d4b\u5230\u7684\u9519\u8bef\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a\u5f02\u5e38\u3002
\n\u5927\u591a\u6570\u7684\u5f02\u5e38\u90fd\u4e0d\u4f1a\u88ab\u7a0b\u5e8f\u5904\u7406\uff0c\u90fd\u4ee5\u9519\u8bef\u4fe1\u606f\u7684\u5f62\u5f0f\u5c55\u73b0\u5728\u8fd9\u91cc:
\n>>>10 * (1\/0)
\nTraceback (most recent call last):
\nFile “<stdin>”, line 1, in ?
\nZeroDivisionError: division by zero
\n>>> 4 + spam*3
\nTraceback (most recent call last):
\nFile “<stdin>”, line 1, in ?
\nNameError: name ‘spam’ is not defined
\n>>> ‘2’ + 2
\nTraceback (most recent call last):
\nFile “<stdin>”, line 1, in ?
\nTypeError: Can’t convert ‘int’ object to str implicitly
\n\u5f02\u5e38\u4ee5\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u7c7b\u578b\u51fa\u73b0\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7c7b\u578b\u90fd\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4fe1\u606f\u7684\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\u6253\u5370\u51fa\u6765: \u4f8b\u5b50\u4e2d\u7684\u7c7b\u578b\u6709 ZeroDivisionError\uff0cNameError \u548c TypeError\u3002
\n\u9519\u8bef\u4fe1\u606f\u7684\u524d\u9762\u90e8\u5206\u663e\u793a\u4e86\u5f02\u5e38\u53d1\u751f\u7684\u4e0a\u4e0b\u6587\uff0c\u5e76\u4ee5\u8c03\u7528\u6808\u7684\u5f62\u5f0f\u663e\u793a\u5177\u4f53\u4fe1\u606f\u3002
\n\u5f02\u5e38\u5904\u7406
\n\u4ee5\u4e0b\u4f8b\u5b50\u4e2d\uff0c\u8ba9\u7528\u6237\u8f93\u5165\u4e00\u4e2a\u5408\u6cd5\u7684\u6574\u6570\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u5141\u8bb8\u7528\u6237\u4e2d\u65ad\u8fd9\u4e2a\u7a0b\u5e8f\uff08\u4f7f\u7528 Control-C \u6216\u8005\u64cd\u4f5c\u7cfb\u7edf\u63d0\u4f9b\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\uff09\u3002\u7528\u6237\u4e2d\u65ad\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\u4f1a\u5f15\u53d1\u4e00\u4e2a KeyboardInterrupt \u5f02\u5e38\u3002<\/p>\n
>>>while True:\n        try:\n            x = int(input(\"Please enter a number: \"))\n            break\n        except ValueError:\n            print(\"Oops!  That was no valid number.  Try again   \")<\/pre>\n
try\u8bed\u53e5\u6309\u7167\u5982\u4e0b\u65b9\u5f0f\u5de5\u4f5c\uff1b
\n\u9996\u5148\uff0c\u6267\u884ctry\u5b50\u53e5\uff08\u5728\u5173\u952e\u5b57try\u548c\u5173\u952e\u5b57except\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u8bed\u53e5\uff09
\n\u5982\u679c\u6ca1\u6709\u5f02\u5e38\u53d1\u751f\uff0c\u5ffd\u7565except\u5b50\u53e5\uff0ctry\u5b50\u53e5\u6267\u884c\u540e\u7ed3\u675f\u3002
\n\u5982\u679c\u5728\u6267\u884ctry\u5b50\u53e5\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u53d1\u751f\u4e86\u5f02\u5e38\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48try\u5b50\u53e5\u4f59\u4e0b\u7684\u90e8\u5206\u5c06\u88ab\u5ffd\u7565\u3002\u5982\u679c\u5f02\u5e38\u7684\u7c7b\u578b\u548c except \u4e4b\u540e\u7684\u540d\u79f0\u76f8\u7b26\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u5bf9\u5e94\u7684except\u5b50\u53e5\u5c06\u88ab\u6267\u884c\u3002\u6700\u540e\u6267\u884c try \u8bed\u53e5\u4e4b\u540e\u7684\u4ee3\u7801\u3002
\n\u5982\u679c\u4e00\u4e2a\u5f02\u5e38\u6ca1\u6709\u4e0e\u4efb\u4f55\u7684except\u5339\u914d\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5f02\u5e38\u5c06\u4f1a\u4f20\u9012\u7ed9\u4e0a\u5c42\u7684try\u4e2d\u3002
\n\u4e00\u4e2a try \u8bed\u53e5\u53ef\u80fd\u5305\u542b\u591a\u4e2aexcept\u5b50\u53e5\uff0c\u5206\u522b\u6765\u5904\u7406\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u7279\u5b9a\u7684\u5f02\u5e38\u3002\u6700\u591a\u53ea\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u5206\u652f\u4f1a\u88ab\u6267\u884c\u3002
\n\u5904\u7406\u7a0b\u5e8f\u5c06\u53ea\u9488\u5bf9\u5bf9\u5e94\u7684try\u5b50\u53e5\u4e2d\u7684\u5f02\u5e38\u8fdb\u884c\u5904\u7406\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u5176\u4ed6\u7684 try \u7684\u5904\u7406\u7a0b\u5e8f\u4e2d\u7684\u5f02\u5e38\u3002
\n\u4e00\u4e2aexcept\u5b50\u53e5\u53ef\u4ee5\u540c\u65f6\u5904\u7406\u591a\u4e2a\u5f02\u5e38\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5f02\u5e38\u5c06\u88ab\u653e\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u62ec\u53f7\u91cc\u6210\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u5143\u7ec4\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982:<\/p>\n
except (RuntimeError, TypeError, NameError):\n        pass<\/pre>\n
\u6700\u540e\u4e00\u4e2aexcept\u5b50\u53e5\u53ef\u4ee5\u5ffd\u7565\u5f02\u5e38\u7684\u540d\u79f0\uff0c\u5b83\u5c06\u88ab\u5f53\u4f5c\u901a\u914d\u7b26\u4f7f\u7528\u3002\u4f60\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528\u8fd9\u79cd\u65b9\u6cd5\u6253\u5370\u4e00\u4e2a\u9519\u8bef\u4fe1\u606f\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u518d\u6b21\u628a\u5f02\u5e38\u629b\u51fa\u3002<\/p>\n
import sys\n \ntry:\n    f = open('myfile.txt')\n    s = f.readline()\n    i = int(s.strip())\nexcept OSError as err:\n    print(\"OS error: {0}\".format(err))\nexcept ValueError:\n    print(\"Could not convert data to an integer.\")\nexcept:\n    print(\"Unexpected error:\", sys.exc_info()[0])\n    raise<\/pre>\n
try except \u8bed\u53e5\u8fd8\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u53ef\u9009\u7684else\u5b50\u53e5\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u4f7f\u7528\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5b50\u53e5\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u5fc5\u987b\u653e\u5728\u6240\u6709\u7684except\u5b50\u53e5\u4e4b\u540e\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5b50\u53e5\u5c06\u5728try\u5b50\u53e5\u6ca1\u6709\u53d1\u751f\u4efb\u4f55\u5f02\u5e38\u7684\u65f6\u5019\u6267\u884c\u3002\u4f8b\u5982:<\/p>\n
for arg in sys.argv[1:]:\n    try:\n        f = open(arg, 'r')\n    except IOError:\n        print('cannot open', arg)\n    else:\n        print(arg, 'has', len(f.readlines()), 'lines')\n        f.close()<\/pre>\n
\u4f7f\u7528 else \u5b50\u53e5\u6bd4\u628a\u6240\u6709\u7684\u8bed\u53e5\u90fd\u653e\u5728 try \u5b50\u53e5\u91cc\u9762\u8981\u597d\uff0c\u8fd9\u6837\u53ef\u4ee5\u907f\u514d\u4e00\u4e9b\u610f\u60f3\u4e0d\u5230\u7684\u3001\u800cexcept\u53c8\u6ca1\u6709\u6355\u83b7\u7684\u5f02\u5e38\u3002
\n\u5f02\u5e38\u5904\u7406\u5e76\u4e0d\u4ec5\u4ec5\u5904\u7406\u90a3\u4e9b\u76f4\u63a5\u53d1\u751f\u5728try\u5b50\u53e5\u4e2d\u7684\u5f02\u5e38\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u8fd8\u80fd\u5904\u7406\u5b50\u53e5\u4e2d\u8c03\u7528\u7684\u51fd\u6570\uff08\u751a\u81f3\u95f4\u63a5\u8c03\u7528\u7684\u51fd\u6570\uff09\u91cc\u629b\u51fa\u7684\u5f02\u5e38\u3002\u4f8b\u5982:<\/p>\n
>>>def this_fails():\n        x = 1\/0\n   \n>>> try:\n        this_fails()\n    except ZeroDivisionError as err:\n        print('Handling run-time error:', err)\n   \nHandling run-time error: int division or modulo by zero<\/pre>\n
\u629b\u51fa\u5f02\u5e38
\nPython \u4f7f\u7528 raise \u8bed\u53e5\u629b\u51fa\u4e00\u4e2a\u6307\u5b9a\u7684\u5f02\u5e38\u3002\u4f8b\u5982:<\/p>\n
>>>raise NameError('HiThere')\nTraceback (most recent call last):\n  File \"<stdin>\", line 1, in ?\nNameError: HiThere<\/pre>\n
raise \u552f\u4e00\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u53c2\u6570\u6307\u5b9a\u4e86\u8981\u88ab\u629b\u51fa\u7684\u5f02\u5e38\u3002\u5b83\u5fc5\u987b\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5f02\u5e38\u7684\u5b9e\u4f8b\u6216\u8005\u662f\u5f02\u5e38\u7684\u7c7b\uff08\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f Exception \u7684\u5b50\u7c7b\uff09\u3002
\n\u5982\u679c\u4f60\u53ea\u60f3\u77e5\u9053\u8fd9\u662f\u5426\u629b\u51fa\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u5f02\u5e38\uff0c\u5e76\u4e0d\u60f3\u53bb\u5904\u7406\u5b83\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u4e00\u4e2a\u7b80\u5355\u7684 raise \u8bed\u53e5\u5c31\u53ef\u4ee5\u518d\u6b21\u628a\u5b83\u629b\u51fa\u3002<\/p>\n
>>>try:\n        raise NameError('HiThere')\n    except NameError:\n        print('An exception flew by!')\n        raise\n   \nAn exception flew by!\nTraceback (most recent call last):\n  File \"<stdin>\", line 2, in ?\nNameError: HiThere<\/pre>\n
\u7528\u6237\u81ea\u5b9a\u4e49\u5f02\u5e38
\n\u4f60\u53ef\u4ee5\u901a\u8fc7\u521b\u5efa\u4e00\u4e2a\u65b0\u7684\u5f02\u5e38\u7c7b\u6765\u62e5\u6709\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u5f02\u5e38\u3002\u5f02\u5e38\u7c7b\u7ee7\u627f\u81ea Exception \u7c7b\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u76f4\u63a5\u7ee7\u627f\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u95f4\u63a5\u7ee7\u627f\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982:<\/p>\n
>>>class MyError(Exception):\n        def __init__(self, value):\n            self.value = value\n        def __str__(self):\n            return repr(self.value)\n   \n>>> try:\n        raise MyError(2*2)\n    except MyError as e:\n        print('My exception occurred, value:', e.value)\n   \nMy exception occurred, value: 4\n>>> raise MyError('oops!')\nTraceback (most recent call last):\n  File \"<stdin>\", line 1, in ?\n__main__.MyError: 'oops!'<\/pre>\n
\u5728\u8fd9\u4e2a\u4f8b\u5b50\u4e2d\uff0c\u7c7b Exception \u9ed8\u8ba4\u7684 __init__() \u88ab\u8986\u76d6\u3002
\n\u5f53\u521b\u5efa\u4e00\u4e2a\u6a21\u5757\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u629b\u51fa\u591a\u79cd\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u5f02\u5e38\u65f6\uff0c\u4e00\u79cd\u901a\u5e38\u7684\u505a\u6cd5\u662f\u4e3a\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5305\u5efa\u7acb\u4e00\u4e2a\u57fa\u7840\u5f02\u5e38\u7c7b\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u57fa\u4e8e\u8fd9\u4e2a\u57fa\u7840\u7c7b\u4e3a\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u9519\u8bef\u60c5\u51b5\u521b\u5efa\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u5b50\u7c7b:<\/p>\n
class Error(Exception):\n    \"\"\"Base class for exceptions in this module.\"\"\"\n    pass\n \nclass InputError(Error):\n    \"\"\"Exception raised for errors in the input.\n \n    Attributes:\n        expression -- input expression in which the error occurred\n        message -- explanation of the error\n    \"\"\"\n \n    def __init__(self, expression, message):\n        self.expression = expression\n        self.message = message\n \nclass TransitionError(Error):\n    \"\"\"Raised when an operation attempts a state transition that's not\n    allowed.\n \n    Attributes:\n        previous -- state at beginning of transition\n        next -- attempted new state\n        message -- explanation of why the specific transition is not allowed\n    \"\"\"\n \n    def __init__(self, previous, next, message):\n        self.previous = previous\n        self.next = next\n        self.message = message<\/pre>\n
\u5927\u591a\u6570\u7684\u5f02\u5e38\u7684\u540d\u5b57\u90fd\u4ee5”Error”\u7ed3\u5c3e\uff0c\u5c31\u8ddf\u6807\u51c6\u7684\u5f02\u5e38\u547d\u540d\u4e00\u6837\u3002
\n\u5b9a\u4e49\u6e05\u7406\u884c\u4e3a
\ntry \u8bed\u53e5\u8fd8\u6709\u53e6\u5916\u4e00\u4e2a\u53ef\u9009\u7684\u5b50\u53e5\uff0c\u5b83\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e86\u65e0\u8bba\u5728\u4efb\u4f55\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u90fd\u4f1a\u6267\u884c\u7684\u6e05\u7406\u884c\u4e3a\u3002 \u4f8b\u5982:<\/p>\n
>>>try:\n...     raise KeyboardInterrupt\n... finally:\n...     print('Goodbye, world!')\n... \nGoodbye, world!\nTraceback (most recent call last):\n  File \"<stdin>\", line 2, in <module>\nKeyboardInterrupt<\/pre>\n
\u4ee5\u4e0a\u4f8b\u5b50\u4e0d\u7ba1 try \u5b50\u53e5\u91cc\u9762\u6709\u6ca1\u6709\u53d1\u751f\u5f02\u5e38\uff0cfinally \u5b50\u53e5\u90fd\u4f1a\u6267\u884c\u3002
\n\u5982\u679c\u4e00\u4e2a\u5f02\u5e38\u5728 try \u5b50\u53e5\u91cc\uff08\u6216\u8005\u5728 except \u548c else \u5b50\u53e5\u91cc\uff09\u88ab\u629b\u51fa\uff0c\u800c\u53c8\u6ca1\u6709\u4efb\u4f55\u7684 except \u628a\u5b83\u622a\u4f4f\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5f02\u5e38\u4f1a\u5728 finally \u5b50\u53e5\u6267\u884c\u540e\u88ab\u629b\u51fa\u3002
\n\u4e0b\u9762\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u66f4\u52a0\u590d\u6742\u7684\u4f8b\u5b50\uff08\u5728\u540c\u4e00\u4e2a try \u8bed\u53e5\u91cc\u5305\u542b except \u548c finally \u5b50\u53e5\uff09:<\/p>\n
>>>def divide(x, y):\n        try:\n            result = x \/ y\n        except ZeroDivisionError:\n            print(\"division by zero!\")\n        else:\n            print(\"result is\", result)\n        finally:\n            print(\"executing finally clause\")\n   \n>>> divide(2, 1)\nresult is 2.0\nexecuting finally clause\n>>> divide(2, 0)\ndivision by zero!\nexecuting finally clause\n>>> divide(\"2\", \"1\")\nexecuting finally clause\nTraceback (most recent call last):\n  File \"<stdin>\", line 1, in ?\n  File \"<stdin>\", line 3, in divide\nTypeError: unsupported operand type(s) for \/: 'str' and 'str'<\/pre>\n
\u9884\u5b9a\u4e49\u7684\u6e05\u7406\u884c\u4e3a
\n\u4e00\u4e9b\u5bf9\u8c61\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e86\u6807\u51c6\u7684\u6e05\u7406\u884c\u4e3a\uff0c\u65e0\u8bba\u7cfb\u7edf\u662f\u5426\u6210\u529f\u7684\u4f7f\u7528\u4e86\u5b83\uff0c\u4e00\u65e6\u4e0d\u9700\u8981\u5b83\u4e86\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6807\u51c6\u7684\u6e05\u7406\u884c\u4e3a\u5c31\u4f1a\u6267\u884c\u3002
\n\u8fd9\u9762\u8fd9\u4e2a\u4f8b\u5b50\u5c55\u793a\u4e86\u5c1d\u8bd5\u6253\u5f00\u4e00\u4e2a\u6587\u4ef6\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u628a\u5185\u5bb9\u6253\u5370\u5230\u5c4f\u5e55\u4e0a:<\/p>\n
for line in open(\"myfile.txt\"):\n    print(line, end=\"\")<\/pre>\n
\u4ee5\u4e0a\u8fd9\u6bb5\u4ee3\u7801\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u662f\uff0c\u5f53\u6267\u884c\u5b8c\u6bd5\u540e\uff0c\u6587\u4ef6\u4f1a\u4fdd\u6301\u6253\u5f00\u72b6\u6001\uff0c\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u88ab\u5173\u95ed\u3002
\n\u5173\u952e\u8bcd with \u8bed\u53e5\u5c31\u53ef\u4ee5\u4fdd\u8bc1\u8bf8\u5982\u6587\u4ef6\u4e4b\u7c7b\u7684\u5bf9\u8c61\u5728\u4f7f\u7528\u5b8c\u4e4b\u540e\u4e00\u5b9a\u4f1a\u6b63\u786e\u7684\u6267\u884c\u4ed6\u7684\u6e05\u7406\u65b9\u6cd5:<\/p>\n
with open(\"myfile.txt\") as f:\n    for line in f:\n        print(line, end=\"\")<\/pre>\n
\u4ee5\u4e0a\u8fd9\u6bb5\u4ee3\u7801\u6267\u884c\u5b8c\u6bd5\u540e\uff0c\u5c31\u7b97\u5728\u5904\u7406\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u51fa\u95ee\u9898\u4e86\uff0c\u6587\u4ef6 f \u603b\u662f\u4f1a\u5173\u95ed\u3002<\/p>\n
python\u7c7b
\n\u7c7b\u5b9a\u4e49
\n\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e00\u4e2a\u7c7b\u7684\u65f6\u5019\uff0c\u4f1a\u521b\u5efa\u4e00\u4e2a\u65b0\u7684\u547d\u540d\u7a7a\u95f4\uff0c\u5c06\u5176\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5c40\u90e8\u4f5c\u7528\u57df\u4f7f\u7528\u2014\u2014\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u5bf9\u5c40\u90e8\u53d8\u91cf\u7684\u8d4b\u503c\u90fd\u5f15\u5165\u65b0\u7684\u547d\u540d\u7a7a\u95f4\u3002\u7279\u522b\u662f\u51fd\u6570\u5b9a\u4e49\u5c06\u65b0\u51fd\u6570\u7684\u547d\u540d\u7ed1\u5b9a\u4e8e\u6b64\u3002<\/p>\n
class ClassName: \n<statement-1>\n... \n<statement-N><\/pre>\n
\u7c7b\u5bf9\u8c61\u5f15\u7528
\n\u7c7b\u5bf9\u8c61\u652f\u6301\u4e24\u79cd\u64cd\u4f5c\uff1a\u5c5e\u6027\u5f15\u7528\u548c\u5b9e\u4f8b\u5316\u3002
\n\u5c5e\u6027\u5f15\u7528\u4f7f\u7528\u548cpython\u4e2d\u6240\u6709\u7684\u5c5e\u6027\u5f15\u7528\u4e00\u6837\u7684\u6807\u51c6\u8bed\u6cd5\uff1aobj.name\u3002\u7c7b\u5bf9\u8c61\u521b\u5efa\u540e\uff0c\u7c7b\u547d\u540d\u7a7a\u95f4\u4e2d\u6240\u6709\u7684\u547d\u540d\u90fd\u662f\u6709\u6548\u5c5e\u6027\u540d\u3002\u6240\u4ee5\u5982\u679c\u7c7b\u5b9a\u4e49\u662f\u8fd9\u6837\uff1a
\nclass MyClass:
\n“A simple example class”
\ni= 12345
\ndef f(self):
\nreturn ‘hello world\u2018
\n\u90a3\u4e48MyClass.i\u548cMyClass.f\u662f\u6709\u6548\u7684\u5c5e\u6027\u5f15\u7528\uff0c\u5206\u522b\u8fd4\u56de\u4e00\u4e2a\u6574\u6570\u548c\u4e00\u4e2a\u65b9\u6cd5\u5bf9\u8c61\u3002
\n\u7c7b\u7684\u5b9e\u4f8b\u5316
\n\u7c7b\u7684\u5b9e\u4f8b\u5316\u4f7f\u7528\u51fd\u6570\u7b26\u53f7\u3002\u53ea\u8981\u5c06\u7c7b\u5bf9\u8c61\u770b\u4f5c\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u8fd4\u56de\u65b0\u7684\u7c7b\u5b9e\u4f8b\u7684\u65e0\u53c2\u6570\u51fd\u6570\u5373\u53ef\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff08\u5047\u8bbe\u6cbf\u7528\u524d\u9762\u7684\u7c7b\uff09\uff1a
\n>>>x = MyClass()
\n\u4ee5\u4e0a\u521b\u5efa\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u65b0\u7684\u7c7b\u5b9e\u4f8b\u5e76\u5c06\u8be5\u5bf9\u8c61\u8d4b\u7ed9\u5c40\u90e8\u53d8\u91cfx\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5b9e\u4f8b\u5316\u64cd\u4f5c\u521b\u5efa\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u7a7a\u7684\u5bf9\u8c61\u3002\u521b\u5efa\u4e3a\u6709\u521d\u59cb\u72b6\u6001\u7684\u7c7b\u53ef\u4ee5\u901a\u8fc7\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e00\u4e2a\u540d\u4e3a__init__() \u7684\u7279\u6b8a\u65b9\u6cd5\u6765\u5b9e\u73b0\uff0c\u50cf\u4e0b\u9762\u8fd9\u6837\uff1a
\ndef__init__(self):
\nself.data= []
\n\u7c7b\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e86__init__() \u65b9\u6cd5\u7684\u8bdd\uff0c\u7c7b\u7684\u5b9e\u4f8b\u5316\u64cd\u4f5c\u4f1a\u81ea\u52a8\u4e3a\u65b0\u521b\u5efa\u7684\u7c7b\u5b9e\u4f8b\u8c03\u7528__init__() \u65b9\u6cd5\u3002
\n\u7c7b\u7684\u7ee7\u627f
\n\u5982\u679c\u4e00\u79cd\u8bed\u8a00\u4e0d\u652f\u6301\u7ee7\u627f\u5c31\uff0c\u201c\u7c7b\u201d\u5c31\u6ca1\u6709\u4ec0\u4e48\u610f\u4e49\u3002\u6d3e\u751f\u7c7b\u7684\u5b9a\u4e49\u5982\u4e0b\u6240\u793a\uff1a
\nclass DerivedClassName(BaseClassName):
\n<statement-1>
\n…
\n<statement-N>
\n\u547d\u540dBaseClassName\uff08\u793a\u4f8b\u4e2d\u7684\u57fa\u7c7b\u540d\uff09\u5fc5\u987b\u4e0e\u6d3e\u751f\u7c7b\u5b9a\u4e49\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u4f5c\u7528\u57df\u5185\u3002
\n\u7c7b\u7684\u591a\u7ee7\u627f
\npython\u540c\u6837\u6709\u9650\u7684\u652f\u6301\u591a\u7ee7\u627f\u5f62\u5f0f\u3002\u591a\u7ee7\u627f\u7684\u7c7b\u5b9a\u4e49\u5f62\u5982\u4e0b\u4f8b\uff1a
\nclass DerivedClassName(Base1, Base2, Base3):
\n<statement-1>
\n…
\n<statement-N>
\n\u8fd9\u91cc\u552f\u4e00\u9700\u8981\u89e3\u91ca\u7684\u8bed\u4e49\u662f\u89e3\u6790\u7c7b\u5c5e\u6027\u7684\u89c4\u5219\u3002\u987a\u5e8f\u662f\u6df1\u5ea6\u4f18\u5148\uff0c\u4ece\u5de6\u5230\u53f3\u3002
\npython\u6a21\u5757\u548c\u5305
\n\u6a21\u5757(Module)
\nimport \u4e0e from…import\uff1a\u5728 python \u7528 import \u6216\u8005 from…import \u6765\u5bfc\u5165\u76f8\u5e94\u7684\u6a21\u5757\u3002\u5c06\u6574\u4e2a\u6a21\u5757(somemodule)\u5bfc\u5165\uff0c\u683c\u5f0f\u4e3a\uff1a import somemodule\u3002\u4ece\u67d0\u4e2a\u6a21\u5757\u4e2d\u5bfc\u5165\u67d0\u4e2a\u51fd\u6570,\u683c\u5f0f\u4e3a\uff1a from somemodule import somefunction\u3002\u4ece\u67d0\u4e2a\u6a21\u5757\u4e2d\u5bfc\u5165\u591a\u4e2a\u51fd\u6570,\u683c\u5f0f\u4e3a\uff1a from somemodule import firstfunc, secondfunc, thirdfunc\u3002\u5c06\u67d0\u4e2a\u6a21\u5757\u4e2d\u7684\u5168\u90e8\u51fd\u6570\u5bfc\u5165\uff0c\u683c\u5f0f\u4e3a\uff1a from somemodule import *\u3002
\n\u4e00\u4e2amodule\u4e0d\u8fc7\u662f\u4e00\u4e9b\u51fd\u6570\uff0cclass\u653e\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a*.py\u6587\u4ef6\u4e2d\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982test.py\uff1a<\/p>\n
\"\"\"\nthis only is a very simple test module\n\"\"\"\nage=0 # a sample attribute\ndef sayHello(): # a sample function in a module\nprint \"Hello\"\nif __name__ == \"__main__\"\nsayHello()<\/pre>\n
module\u7684\u4e00\u4e9b\u5185\u7f6e\u5c5e\u6027
\n__name__: \u6a21\u5757\u7684\u540d\u5b57
\n__file__ : \u5f53\u524dmodule\u7684\u7edd\u5bf9\u8def\u5f84
\n__dict__\uff1a
\n__doc__ \uff1a
\n__package__:
\n__path__:
\n\u5305(Package)
\nPackage\u662f\u4e00\u7ec4module\u7684\u96c6\u5408\uff0c\u7528\u4ee5\u4e0b\u65b9\u6cd5\u521b\u5efa\u4e00\u4e2apackage\u3002
\n\u5728\u5f53\u524d\u76ee\u5f55\u4e0b\u521b\u5efa\u4e00\u4e2a\u76ee\u5f55testpackage\uff1b
\n\u5728testpackage\u76ee\u5f55\u4e2d\u521b\u5efa\u4e00\u4e2a\u7a7a\u6587\u4ef6__init__.py\uff1b
\n\u5728testpackage\u76ee\u5f55\u4e2d\u521b\u5efa\u4e00\u4e2atestmodule.py\u6587\u4ef6\uff0c\u91cc\u9762\u542b\u6709\u4e00\u4e9b\u4ee3\u7801\u3002
\n>>> import testpackage.testmodule
\n>>> testpackage.testmodule.sayHello()
\nHello
\nPackage\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u7ec4\u7ec7module\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2aname space\uff0c\u9632\u6b62\u53d1\u751f\u540d\u79f0\u51b2\u7a81\u3002
\n\u547d\u540d\u7a7a\u95f4(name space)
\n\u547d\u540d\u7a7a\u95f4\u662f\u4ece\u547d\u540d\u5230\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u6620\u5c04\u3002\u4ee5\u4e0b\u6709\u4e00\u4e9b\u547d\u540d\u7a7a\u95f4\u7684\u4f8b\u5b50\uff1a\u5185\u7f6e\u547d\u540d\uff08\u50cfabs()\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u51fd\u6570\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u5185\u7f6e\u5f02\u5e38\u540d\uff09\u96c6\uff0c\u6a21\u5757\u4e2d\u7684\u5168\u5c40\u547d\u540d\uff0c\u51fd\u6570\u8c03\u7528\u4e2d\u7684\u5c40\u90e8\u547d\u540d\u3002\u67d0\u79cd\u610f\u4e49\u4e0a\u8bb2\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u5c5e\u6027\u96c6\u4e5f\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u547d\u540d\u7a7a\u95f4\u3002\u5173\u4e8e\u547d\u540d\u7a7a\u95f4\u9700\u8981\u4e86\u89e3\u7684\u4e00\u4ef6\u5f88\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u4e8b\u5c31\u662f\u4e0d\u540c\u547d\u540d\u7a7a\u95f4\u4e2d\u7684\u547d\u540d\u6ca1\u6709\u4efb\u4f55\u8054\u7cfb\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u4e24\u4e2a\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u6a21\u5757\u53ef\u80fd\u90fd\u4f1a\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e00\u4e2a\u540d\u4e3a\u201cmaximize\u201d\u7684\u51fd\u6570\u800c\u4e0d\u4f1a\u53d1\u751f\u6df7\u6dc6\uff0d\uff0d\u7528\u6237\u5fc5\u987b\u4ee5\u6a21\u5757\u540d\u4e3a\u524d\u7f00\u6765\u5f15\u7528\u5b83\u4eec\u3002
\n\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u547d\u540d\u7a7a\u95f4\u5728\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u65f6\u523b\u521b\u5efa\uff0c\u6709\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u751f\u5b58\u671f\u3002\u5305\u542b\u5185\u7f6e\u547d\u540d\u7684\u547d\u540d\u7a7a\u95f4\u5728python\u89e3\u91ca\u5668\u542f\u52a8\u65f6\u521b\u5efa\uff0c\u4f1a\u4e00\u76f4\u4fdd\u7559\uff0c\u4e0d\u88ab\u5220\u9664\u3002
\n\u672f\u8bed\u8868
\nargument \u5b9e\u53c2
\nattribute \u5c5e\u6027
\nbase class \u57fa\u672c\u7c7b
\nblock \u5757
\ncharacter \u5b57\u7b26
\nclass \u7c7b
\ncomment \u6ce8\u91ca
\ncomplex number \u590d\u6570
\nderived class \u5bfc\u51fa\u7c7b
\ndictionary \u5b57\u5178
\nescape sequence \u8f6c\u4e49\u7b26
\nexception \u5f02\u5e38
\nexpression \u8868\u8fbe\u5f0f
\nfield \u57df
\nfloat \u6d6e\u70b9\u6570
\nfunction \u51fd\u6570
\nidentifier \u6807\u8bc6\u7b26
\nindentation \u7f29\u8fdb
\nindexing \u7d22\u5f15
\ninstance \u5b9e\u4f8b
\ninteger \u6574\u6570
\nlist \u5217\u8868
\nlist comprehension \u5217\u8868\u7efc\u5408
\nliteral constant \u5b57\u9762\u610f\u4e49\u4e0a\u7684\u5e38\u91cf
\nlogical line \u903b\u8f91\u884c
\nlong integer \u957f\u6574\u6570
\nmethod \u65b9\u6cd5
\nmodule \u6a21\u5757
\nnamespace \u540d\u79f0\u7a7a\u95f4
\nobject \u5bf9\u8c61
\noperand \u64cd\u4f5c\u6570
\noperator \u8fd0\u7b97\u7b26
\nparameter \u5f62\u53c2
\npickle \u50a8\u5b58\u5668
\nphysical line \u7269\u7406\u884c
\nsequence \u5e8f\u5217
\nshebang line \u7ec4\u7ec7\u884c
\nslicing \u5207\u7247
\nstatement \u8bed\u53e5
\nstring \u5b57\u7b26\u4e32
\nsubclass \u5b50\u7c7b
\nsuperclass \u8d85\u7c7b
\ntuple \u5143\u7ec4
\ntype \u7c7b\u578b
\nvariable \u53d8\u91cf
\n\u65e5\u671f\u663e\u793a\u683c\u5f0f
\nThe table below shows all the codes that you can pass to the\u00a0strftime()\u00a0method.
\nDirective Meaning Example
\n%a Abbreviated weekday name. Sun, Mon, …
\n%A Full weekday name. Sunday, Monday, …
\n%w Weekday as a decimal number. 0, 1, …, 6
\n%d Day of the month as a zero-padded decimal. 01, 02, …, 31
\n%-d Day of the month as a decimal number. 1, 2, …, 30
\n%b Abbreviated month name. Jan, Feb, …, Dec
\n%B Full month name. January, February, …
\n%m Month as a zero-padded decimal number. 01, 02, …, 12
\n%-m Month as a decimal number. 1, 2, …, 12
\n%y Year without century as a zero-padded decimal number. 00, 01, …, 99
\n%-y Year without century as a decimal number. 0, 1, …, 99
\n%Y Year with century as a decimal number. 2013, 2019 etc.
\n%H Hour (24-hour clock) as a zero-padded decimal number. 00, 01, …, 23
\n%-H Hour (24-hour clock) as a decimal number. 0, 1, …, 23
\n%I Hour (12-hour clock) as a zero-padded decimal number. 01, 02, …, 12
\n%-I Hour (12-hour clock) as a decimal number. 1, 2, … 12
\n%p Locale\u2019s AM or PM. AM, PM
\n%M Minute as a zero-padded decimal number. 00, 01, …, 59
\n%-M Minute as a decimal number. 0, 1, …, 59
\n%S Second as a zero-padded decimal number. 00, 01, …, 59
\n%-S Second as a decimal number. 0, 1, …, 59
\n%f Microsecond as a decimal number, zero-padded on the left. 000000 – 999999
\n%z UTC offset in the form +HHMM or -HHMM.
\n%Z Time zone name.
\n%j Day of the year as a zero-padded decimal number. 001, 002, …, 366
\n%-j Day of the year as a decimal number. 1, 2, …, 366
\n%U Week number of the year (Sunday as the first day of the week). All days in a new year preceding the first Sunday are considered to be in week 0. 00, 01, …, 53
\n%W Week number of the year (Monday as the first day of the week). All days in a new year preceding the first Monday are considered to be in week 0. 00, 01, …, 53
\n%c Locale\u2019s appropriate date and time representation. Mon Sep 30 07:06:05 2013
\n%x Locale\u2019s appropriate date representation. 09\/30\/13
\n%X Locale\u2019s appropriate time representation. 7:06:05
\n%% A literal ‘%’ character. %<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
https:\/\/www.runoob.com\/python3\/python3-tutorial.htm \u8bed\u8a00\u7279\u70b9 Python\u8bed\u8a00\u7684\u5173\u952e\u5b57\u6bd4\u8f83\u5c11\uff0c\u5b83\u6ca1\u6709\u5206\u53f7\u3001begin\u3001end\u7b49\u6807\u8bb0\uff0c\u4ee3\u7801\u5757\u4f7f\u7528\u7a7a\u683c\u6216\u5236\u8868\u7b26\u7f29\u8fdb\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u6765\u5206\u9694\u3002Python\u4e0eJavaScript\u3001PHP\u3001Perl\u7b49\u8bed\u8a00\u7c7b\u4f3c\uff0c\u5b83\u4e0d\u9700\u8981\u53e6\u5916\u58f0\u660e\u53d8\u91cf\u3001\u76f4\u63a5\u8d4b\u503c\u5373\u53ef\u521b\u5efa\u4e00\u4e2a\u65b0\u7684\u53d8\u91cf\u3002Python\u7684\u53d8\u91cf\u521b\u5efa\u540e\u4f1a\u5bf9\u5e94\u4e00\u79cd\u7c7b\u578b\uff0c\u5b83\u53ef\u6839\u636e\u8d4b\u503c\u8868\u8fbe\u5f0f\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\u51b3\u5b9a\u53d8\u91cf\u7684\u7c7b\u578b\u3002Python\u5728\u5185\u90e8\u5efa\u7acb\u4e86\u7ba1\u7406\u8fd9\u4e9b\u53d8\u91cf\u7684\u673a\u5236\uff0c\u4e0d\u540c\u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u53d8\u91cf\u9700\u8981\u7c7b\u578b\u8f6c\u6362\u3002Python\u8bed\u8a00\u5e94\u7528\u4e8e\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u3001\u7f51\u7edc\u3001\u56fe\u5f62\u56fe\u50cf\u3001\u6570\u5b66\u8ba1\u7b97\u3001Web\u5f00\u53d1\u3001\u64cd\u4f5c\u7cfb\u7edf\u6269\u5c55\u7b49\u9886\u57df\u3002\u6709\u8bb8\u591a\u7b2c\u4e09\u65b9\u5e93\u652f\u6301Python\u3002Python 3\u53d1\u5e03\u4e8e2008\u5e74\u5e95\uff0c\u662f\u4e00\u6b21\u91cd\u5927\u7684\u5347\u7ea7\u3002Python 3\u7684\u6709\u4e9b\u6539\u8fdb\u4e0d\u5411\u540e\u4e0ePython 2\u517c\u5bb9\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64Python 2\u59cb\u7ec8\u4e0ePython 3\u5e76\u884c\u5730\u5411\u524d\u53d1\u5c55\u3002\u5168\u9762\u4e86\u89e3Python 3\u548cPython 2\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5dee\u5f02\uff0c\u53ef\u53c2\u9605What\u2019s New in Python 3.0\uff08http:\/\/docs.python.org\/3\/whatsnew\/3.0.html\uff09\u3002\u5de5\u51772to3\uff08http:\/\/docs.python.org\/3\/library\/2to3.html\uff09\u51e0\u4e4e\u80fd\u5c06\u4efb\u4f55Python 2\u7a0b\u5e8f\u81ea\u52a8\u8f6c\u6362\u4e3a\u7b49\u4ef7\u7684Python 3\u7a0b\u5e8f\u3002 \u6ce8\u91ca\uff1a\u5355\u884c\uff1a #\u5f00\u5934\u3002\u591a\u884c\uff1a\u6bcf\u884c\u4f7f\u7528#\u3002\u6587\u6863\u6ce8\u91ca\uff1a\u4f7f\u7528\u4e09\u4e2a\u5f15\u53f7\u5305\u62ec\u8d77\u6765\uff08”””\u6587\u6863\u6ce8\u91ca”””\uff09\u3002\u6ce8\u91ca\u5fc5\u987b\u8ddf\u5728\u5b9a\u4e49\u4f53\u4e0b\u9762\uff0c\u4e0d\u80fd\u5728\u4efb\u610f\u4f4d\u7f6e\u3002 Python\u7684\u7f3a\u70b9\uff1a\u8fd0\u884c\u901f\u5ea6\u6162\uff08\u8fd0\u884c\u901f\u5ea6\u7684\u74f6\u9888\u5f80\u5f80\u4e0d\u5728\u4e8ePython\u4ee3\u7801\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u7684\u64cd\u4f5c\u548c\u7f51\u7edc\u8c03\u7528\uff09\uff1bPython\u6e90\u7801\u4e0d\u80fd\u52a0\u5bc6\u3002 \u547d\u540d\u89c4\u5219 \u4fdd\u7559\u8bcd\u4e0d\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528\u4f5c\u53d8\u91cf\u540d and elif global or with as else if pass yield assert except import print break exec in raise class FALSE is return continue finally lambda try def for not …<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[38],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-404","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-gkbvv54vpefdc"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/eternalsphere.net\/echoes\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/404","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/eternalsphere.net\/echoes\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/eternalsphere.net\/echoes\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/eternalsphere.net\/echoes\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/eternalsphere.net\/echoes\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=404"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/eternalsphere.net\/echoes\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/404\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2249,"href":"https:\/\/eternalsphere.net\/echoes\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/404\/revisions\/2249"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/eternalsphere.net\/echoes\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=404"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/eternalsphere.net\/echoes\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=404"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/eternalsphere.net\/echoes\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=404"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}